2014年北京大學(xué)考博英語真題

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Part II Structure and Written Expression (20%)

Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.

21. _________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.

[A] Had they arrived  [B] Would they arrive  [C] Were they arriving  [D] Were they to arrive

22._________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.

[A] He would leave school  [B] He left school        [C] He had left school      [D] He has left school 23.Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.

[A] to be shown  [B] to have been shown  [C] to have shown  [D] being shown

24.__________ that should be given priority to.

[A] It is the committee has decided  [C] It is what the committee has decided

[B] It is only the committee has decided  [D] It is what has the committee decided

25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.

[A] less local free-spiritedness than  [C] to less local free-spiritedness than to

[B] less local free-spiritedness than to  [D] less to local free-spiritedness than to

26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.

[A] has treated spectators with  [C] has treated spectators

[B] has treated spectator for  [D] has treated spectators to

27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.

[A] as hardly culturally enriching as  [C] hardly as culturally enriching as

[B] as hardly enriching culture as  [D] hardly as cultural enriching as

28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.

[A] as is it across the country  [C] as it were across the country [B] as it is across the country  [D] as were it across the country

29.Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.

[A] generate new seeds  [C] generates new seeds

[B] new seeds generated  [D] new seeds are generated

30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.

[A] were home to  [B] was the home of  [C] was home to  [D] was home of

31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores have improved only __________.

[A] marginally  [B] marvelously  [C] martially  [D] markably

32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his way out of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.

[A]crashed on  [B]bumped into  [C]fallen against  [D]puzzled about

33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.

[A] storage  [B] reserve  [C] supply  [D] provision

34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s __________ about health problems.

[A] allegiance  [B] alliance  [C] allegations  [D] alliteration

35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence” that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.

[A] comparing  [B] completing  [C] compelling  [D] composing

36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist.

[A] encode  [B] decipher  [C] clear  [D] identify

37.Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.

[A] down  [B] up  [C] out  [D] in

38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive.

[A] aroused  [B] ascribed  [C] acclaimed  [D] appealed

39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.

[A] proceeded  [B] processed  [C] preferred  [D] presented

40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ close examination.

[A] put up with  [B] keep up with  [C] stand up to  [D] look up to

Part III: Reading Comprehension Section A

Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)

Passage One

In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces

“really” are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.

41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.

[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists

[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles

[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen

[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen 42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.

[A] there are self-evident principles  [B] there are mysterious forces in the universe [C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are  [D] we can discover why things behave as they do

43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .

[A] considered        [B] suspected        [C] expected       [D] engaged in buying and selling

Passage Two

The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do. A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.

44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.

[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society

[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge

[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses

[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health

45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.

[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient

[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions

[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends

[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life

46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.

[A] personal decisions      [B] society’s laws     [C]friends’ opinions     [D] statistical evidence

Passage Three

For gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.

A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.

The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.

A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.

The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.

47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research? [A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.

[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.

[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.

[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.

48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.

[A] dependent  [B] consecutive  [C] determined  [D] continual

49. Which of the following statements is true?

[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.

[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.

[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.

[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.

50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that __________.

[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects

[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes

[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes

[D] the former costs less money and takes less time

Section B

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)

(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future. History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience.

(52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.

(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom.

(54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation. The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before.

(55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.

Part IV: Cloze Test (10%)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).

In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded

(56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers. (58) __________ unethical behavior. Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft. A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting. But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.

Part V: Proofreading (10%)

Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).

(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005. (67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future. (69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends." (71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million. (72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts. (75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.

Part VI: Writing (15%)

Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.

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