2018年東北林業(yè)大學(xué)考博英語真題

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Most scholars agree that Isaac Newton, while formulating the laws of force and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s, probably knew all the science there was to know at the time. In the ensuing 350 years an estimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been published in the natural sciences and mathematics. The modem high school student probably now possesses more scientific knowledge than Newton did, yet science to many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts.

One way scientists have tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized. Another strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largely ignore it. That shouldn’ t come as a surprise. Sure, you have to know a lot to be a scientist, but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist. What makes a scientist is ignorance. This may sound ridiculous, but for scientists the facts are just a starting place. In science, every new discovery raises 10 new questions.

By this calculation, ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge. Scientists and laypeople alike would agree that for all we have come to know, there is far more we don’t know. More important, every day there is far more we know we don’t know. One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new and better ways of being ignorant: not the kind of ignorance that is associated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated, high-quality ignorance. This gets to the essence of what scientists do： they make distinctions between qualities of ignorance. They do it in grant proposals and over beers at meetings. As James Clerk Maxwell, probably the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein, said, “Thoroughly conscious ignorance... is a prelude to every real advance in knowledge. ”

This perspective on science - that it is about the questions more than the answers—should come as something of a relief. It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and, in fact, fun. Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles and puzzles within puzzles—and who doesn ’ t like puzzles? Questions are also more accessible and often more interesting than answers ； answers tend to be the end of the process, whereas questions have you in the thick of things. Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mind to what I call the accumulation view of science—that it is a pile of facts way too big for us to ever hope to conquer. But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if the media reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered and the new puzzles they created, and if educators stopped trafficking in

facts that are already available on Wikipedia-then we might find a public once again engaged in this great adventure that has been going on for the past 15 generations.

46. Which of the following would most scholars agree to about Newton and science?

A. Newton was the only person who knew all the science in the 1600s.

B. Newton’s laws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 years.

C. Since Newton’s time, science has developed into a mountain of facts.

D. A high school student probably knows more science than Newton did.

47. Which of the following is best supported in this passage?

A. A scientist is a master of knowledge.

B. Knowledge generates better ignorance.

C. Ignorance is a sign of lack of education.

D. Good scientists are thoroughly ignorant.

48. Why is it a relief that science is about the questions more than the answers?

A. Because people like solving puzzles.

B. Because questions make science accessible.

G. Because there are more questions than answers.

D. Because questions point the way to deep answers.

49. The expression “take a backseat”（line 1，paragraph 5） probably means _?

A. take a back place

B. have a different role

C. be of greater priority

D. become less important

50. What is the author’s greatest concern in the passage?

A. The involvement of the public in science.

B. Scientists，enjoyment of ignorance.

C. The accumulation of scientific knowledge.

D. Newton’s standing in the history of science.

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