?2021年4月自考?？朴⒄Z一試題

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2021年4月自考?？朴⒄Z一試題

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Precious Water. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:

1. 舉例說明水對人類的重要性

2. 舉例說明我國所面臨的水資源問題

3. 為了生存和發(fā)展人們要……

Precious Water

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Pollution: A Life and Death Issue

One of the main themes of Planet under Pressure is the way many of the Earth's environmental crises reinforce one another. Pollution is an obvious example-we do not have the option of growing food, or finding enough water, on a squeaky-clean planet, but on one increasingly tarnished and trashed by the way we have used it so far.

Cutting waste and clearing up pollution cost money. Yet time and again it is the quest for wealth that generates much of the mess is the first place. Living in a way that is less damaging to the Earth is not easy, but it is vital, because pollution is pervasive and often life-threatening.

Air: the World Health Organization (WHO) says three million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel. Most are in poor countries.

Water: diseases carried in water are responsible for 80% of illnesses and deaths in developing countries, killing a child every eight seconds. Each year 2.1 million people die from diarrhoeal (痢疾的) diseases associated with poor water.

Soil: contaminated land is a problem in industrialized countries, where former factories and power stations can leave waste like heavy metals in the soil. It can also occur in developing countries, sometimes used for dumping pesticides. Agriculture can pollute land with pesticides, nitrate-rich fertilizers and slurry from livestock. And when the contamination reaches rivers it damages life there, and can even create dead zones off the coast, as in the Gulf of Mexico.

Chronic Problem

Chemicals are a frequent pollutant. When we think of chemical contamination it is often images of events like Bhopal that come to mind. But the problem is widespread. One study says 7～20% of cancers are attributable to poor air and pollution in homes and workplaces. The WHO, concerned about chemicals that persist and build up in the body, especially in the young, says we may "be conducting a large-scale experiment with children's health".

Some man-made chemicals, endocrine (內(nèi)分泌) disruptors like phthalates (酞酸鹽) and nonylphenol-a breakdown product of spermicides (殺精子劑), cosmetics and detergents-are blamed for causing changes in the genitals of some animals. Affected species include polar bears-so not even the Arctic is immune. And the chemicals climb the food chain, from fish to mammals, and to us.

About 70,000 chemicals are on the market, with around 1,500 new ones appearing annually. At least 30,000 are thought never to have been comprehensively tested for their possible risks to people.

At first glance, the plastic buckets stacked in the corner of the environmental NGO office look like any others. But the containers are an unlikely weapon in one poor community's fight against oil companies which they say are responsible for widespread ill-health caused by years of pollution. The vessels are used by a network of local volunteers, known as the Bucket Brigade, to gather air samples in neighborhoods bordering oil refineries, as part of a campaign to monitor and document air pollution which they believe is coming from the plants.

In South Africa, as in many developing and newly industrialized countries, legislation on air pollution has failed to keep pace with mushrooming industries. So local residents, like many in poor communities around the globe, have faced the problem of investigating their claim that industries on their doorsteps are making them sick.

Trade-off

But the snag is that modern society demands many of them, and some are essential for survival. So while we invoke the precautionary principle, which always recommends erring on the side of caution, we have to recognize there will be trade-offs to be made.

The pesticide DDT does great damage to wildlife and can affect the human nervous system, but can also be effective against malaria (瘧疾). Where does the priority lie?

The industrialized world has not yet cleaned up the mess it created, but it is reaping the benefits of the pollution it has caused. It can hardly tell the developing countries that they have no right to follow suit.

Another complication in tackling pollution is that it does not respect political frontiers. There is a U.N. convention on trans-boundary air pollution, but that cannot cover every problem that can arise between neighbors, or between states which do not share a border. Perhaps the best example is climate change-the countries of the world share one atmosphere, and what one does can affect everyone.

For One and All.

One of the principles that are supposed to apply here is simple-the polluter pays. Sometimes it is obvious who is to blame and who must pay the price, but it is not always straightforward to work out just who is the polluter, or whether the rest of us would be happy to pay the price of stopping the pollution.

One way of cleaning up after ourselves would be to throw less away, designing products to be recycled or even just to last longer.

Previous generations worked on the assumption that discarding our waste was a proper way to get rid of it, so we used to dump nuclear materials and other potential hazards at sea, confident they would be dispersed in the depths.

We now think that is too risky because, as one author wrote, "there's no such place as 'away', and there's no such person as the 'other'."

Irritating Air

Despite recent improvements, however, the health problems are still there. A 2002 medical study, carried out by Durban's Nelson Mandela School of Medicine and a U.S. university, found that an abnormally high 52% of students and teachers at a primary school bordering the Engen plant suffered from asthma (哮喘). It found that increases in air pollution tended to aggravate asthma symptoms in children.

The petrol producers do not dispute the findings but argue that researchers were unable to establish a causal link between air pollution and the high prevalence of asthma among the school population.

For the community, the next step is to take legal action. But, according to internationally recognized environmentalist Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as it would be near-impossible to prove that illnesses suffered were caused by pollution coming from a particular plant.

Mr. Peek, who grew up beneath Engen's stacks, says the activists are now considering taking action against the authorities. "We are now looking at suing the government on constitutional grounds, for failing to ensure our right to protection from a harmful environment as stipulated in the constitution," he said.

Legislative Change

A new batch (批) of environmental laws, the National Air Quality Management Act, has just been passed by the South African parliament to replace outdated 1965 legislation with tighter controls and tougher sanctions.

Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to improve the situation. "I share the anger and frustration of this community. It is long overdue," he told the South African Broadcasting Corporation.

The local authorities have also established a "Multi-Point Plan" for the area. They say it is a powerful model for tackling pollution and points to a 40% reduction in sulphur dioxide emissions in recent years.

1. According to World Health Organization, how many people are killed by outdoor air pollution?

[A] 3 million

[B] 2.1 million

[C] 1.6 million

[D] 3.2 million

2. Land can be polluted by ________ from agriculture.

[A] heavy metals

[B] pesticides and nitrate-poor fertilizers

[C] slurry from livestock

[D] rubbish

3. What kind of animal affected by man-made chemicals is not referred in the passage?

[A] Polar bears.

[B] Mammals.

[C] People.

[D] Birds.

4. What do local residents claim for?

[A] They are sick because of years of pollution.

[B] They are sick because of industries on their doorsteps.

[C] They are sick because of pesticides from agriculture.

[D] They are sick because of air pollution.

5. The pesticide DDT can be effective against ________.

[A] malaria

[B] wildlife

[C] animals

[D] human nervous system

6. There is a U.N. convention that can cover ________.

[A] problem between neighbors

[B] problem between states which do not share a border

[C] problems on air pollution

[D] trans-boundary air pollution

7. What is not said to be a way of cleaning up after ourselves?

[A] Throw less away.

[B] Design recycled products.

[C] Don't use it again.

[D] Last longer.

8. It found that increases in air pollution tended to ________________________.

9. According to Bobby Peek, targeting the companies would be difficult as it would be near-impossible to prove that illnesses suffered were caused by ________________________.

10. Martinus van Schalkwyk, the minister of environmental affairs and tourism, visited the south Durban basin earlier this year and said there were measures in place to ________________________.Section

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2.

Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.

The bacteria that cause a common food-borne illness show low drug resistance in Australia, unlike similar strains from the United States and Europe, a study has found. Scientists behind the finding say Australia's de facto ban on certain antibiotics in poultry (家禽) and other livestock helps explain why.

In the study, researchers analyzed samples of Campylobacter jejuni (空腸彎曲桿菌) bacteria from 585 patients in five Australian states.

Scientists found that only 2 percent of the samples were resistant to ciprofloxacin (環(huán)丙沙星), one of the group of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolonones. By contrast, 18 percent of Campylobacter (弧形桿菌) samples in U.S. patients are immune to fluoroquinolonones, which have been used in the U.S. to prevent or treat respiratory (呼吸的) disease in poultry for a decade.

The study, led by Leanne Unicomb, a graduate student at Australian National University in Canberra, was published in the May issue of the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases.

"The findings add to the growing body of evidence suggestive of the problems of using fluoroquinolonones in food-producing animals," Unicomb wrote in an email.

Campylobacter is the most common food-borne disease in the U.S. and many other industrialized countries.

People can contract the pathogen (病原體) by consuming undercooked poultry or meat, raw milk, or contaminated (被污染的) water.

Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and diarrhea (腹瀉). In rare cases, the disease can trigger paralysis or death.

"In most industrial countries Campylobacter is more commonly reported than Salmonella (沙門氏菌), a better-known cause of food poisoning," Unicomb said.

"The number of cases of Campylobacter has been on the rise in Australia since the early 90's."

In the U.S., about 1.4 million people contracted Campylobacter infections last year, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia.

While the infection rate in the U.S. has dropped over the last decade, the bacteria have grown more drug-resistant.

According to the CDC, surveys between 1986 and 1990 found no signs of resistance to the antibiotics in U.S. Campylobacter infections. But by 1997, strains resistant to the antibiotics accounted for 12 percent of human cases. In 2001 the figure climbed to 18 percent.

Public health experts say many factors contribute to Campylobacter's drug resistance; the widespread use of fluoroquinolonones by U.S. poultry farmers over the past decade is one of them.

Fluoroquinolones were first approved for use in humans by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986. In 1995 the FDA granted poultry farmers permission to the use the drugs in livestock. Last year the FDA banned the antibiotic from food-producing animals, citing the concerns raised by public health experts over drug-resistant bacteria.

Frederick Angulo, an epidemiologist with the CDC, monitors the drug resistance of food-borne pathogens in the U.S. food supply. "The people who are most likely to get infected with food-borne diseases include the most vulnerable people in the population-infants and young children and also the elderly," he said. He says that Campylobacter infections are entirely preventable, as is the bacteria's antibiotic resistance. "In many ways what's occurring with Campylobacter is an indicator for a broader issue, which is...antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the food supply," he said.

47. Why do food-borne pathogens in Australia show low drug resistance?

48. In many industrialized countries, the most common food-borne disease is ________.

49. The food-borne disease may cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea and even ________.

50. The FDA banned the use of antibiotic from food-producing animals because public health experts were concerned about ________.

51. What does Angulo say about the bacteria's antibiotic resistance?

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

At some time in your life, you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.

Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitude once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.

One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their images as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U.S., thin is "in", fat is "out".

It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have been obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for Americans' fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.

52. From the passage we can infer taboo is ________.

[A] a strong desire to do something strange or terrible

[B] a crime committed on impulse

[C] behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyes

[D] an unfavorable impression left on other people

53. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude "being fat" ________ in American society.

[A] will always remain a taboo

[B] is not considered as a taboo by most people

[C] has long been a taboo

[D] may no longer be a taboo someday

54. The topic of fat is ________ many other taboo subjects.

[A] the same as

[B] different from

[C] more popular than

[D] less often talked about than

55. What does "thin is 'in', and fat is 'out'" mean?

[A] Thin is "inside", and fat is "outside".

[B] Thin is "diligent", and fat is "lazy".

[C] Thin is "youthful", and fat is "spiritless".

[D] Thin is "fashionable", and fat is "unfashionable".

56. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is ________.

[A] their changed life style

[B] their eagerness to stay thin and youthful

[C] their appreciation of the importance of exercise

[D] the encouragement they have received from their companies

Passage Two

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

We can begin our discussion of "population as global issue" with what most persons mean when they discuss "the population problem": too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute; it was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to "a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes".

To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.

This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.

Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8000 B.C. till approximately 1650 A.D. In the first period of some 9,600 years, the population increased from some 8million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and 1975, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And the population reached 6.2 billion throughout the world by the year 2000. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000 B.C. and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world's population. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.

57. The word "demographic" (Line 4, Para. 1) means ________.

[A] statistics of human

[B] surroundings study

[C] accumulation of human

[D] development of human

58. Which of the following demographic growth patterns is most suitable for the long thin powder fuse analogy?

[A] A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.

[B] A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.

[C] Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.

[D] A long period when death rates exceed birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility and lower mortality.

59. During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinction

because ________.

[A] only one in ten persons could live past 40

[B] there was higher mortality than fertility in most places

[C] it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions

[D] our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children

60. Which statement is TRUE about population increase?

[A] There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from 1975 to the year 2000.

[B] About 50,000 babies are born annually at present.

[C] Between 8000 B.C. and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 persons

each year.

[D] The population increased faster between 8000 B.C. and 1650 than between 1650 and the

present.

61. The author of the passage intends to ________.

[A] warn people against the population explosion in the near future

[B] compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650

[C] find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years

[D] present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth

Part V Error Correction (15 minutes)

Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (/) in the blank.

Example:

Television is rapidly becoming the literature of our periods. 1. time/times/period Many of the arguments having used for the study of literature 2.______________ as a school subject are valid for ∧ study of television. 3.______________ Are you worried about the rising crime rate? If you are, then you probably know that your house,possessions and persons are increasingly in danger of suffering from the tremendous rise in the cases of burglar 62. ________ and assault. Figures indicate that it is an ever-increasing 63. ________ crime rate but it is only too easy to imagine "it will never happen to me". Unfortunately, statistics show it is 64. ________ really can happen to you and, if you live in the large city, you run twice the risk of being a victim. 65. ________ Fortunately, there is something definite what you 66. ________ can do. Protect Alarms can help to protect your house with a burglar alarm system which is effective, simple to operate and easily affordable. You may remember that 67. ________ possessing a burglar alarm is no indication which your 68. ________ house is packed with valuable possessions. It quite simply indicates of unwelcome visitors that yours is one 69. ________ house they will not break into easily so they carry on to an unprotect house where their job is made a lot easier. 70. ________ Send now for our free leaflet telling you how we can protct and alarm your house quickly, easily and cheaply. Complete out and tear off the slip below and 71. ________ post it to us. Postage is free.

Part VI Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.

72. Southern Africa has ________________________ (該病的患病率最高，幾乎是亞洲的兩倍).

73. It is time the authorities concerned________________________ (采取適當(dāng)措施來解決交通).

74. In my opinion, playing video games ________________________ (既花費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間也有害健康).

75. When it comes to education, ________________________ (多數(shù)人都認(rèn)為教育是終生學(xué)習(xí)).

76. The situation will worsen ________________________ (除非采取措施加以阻止).

Part I Writing

Precious Water

No one doubts the importance of water. Human beings live on water, animals live on water, plants live on water and all living things live on water. You can’t imagine what would happen if there were no water in the world!

China is one of the countries in the world that are badly short of water. Water problem has become more acute in recent years with the increase of water consumption and pollution. In big cities, the water problem has become even worse. With the growth of population, more and more water is needed. With the development of the industry, a large quantity of water has been and is being polluted. Water pollution is the most serious problem that China is facing. It has spread to rivers, lakes, and even the oceans.

In order to survive, man has to be wise enough to treasure water and try to prevent it from being polluted. Man should also know that all resources in the world are limited, including water. Make good use of them, otherwise, man will be punished by nature. To treasure water is to treasure life; to protect our environment is to protect ourselves.

Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)

1. A 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息詞World Health Organization定位到第三段Air: the World Health Organization(WHO)says three million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions，即：世界衛(wèi)生組織公布，全世界每年有3百萬人死于室外空氣污染，故選A。

2. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息詞Land can be polluted定位到第五段第三句話Agriculture can pollute land with pesticides, nitrate-rich fertilizers and slurry from livestock，即：來自農(nóng)業(yè)的殺蟲劑、富含硝酸鹽的化肥以及家畜帶來的泥漿都會污染土地，故選C。

3. D 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息詞man. made chemicals和affected定位到第一個(gè)小標(biāo)題下第二段末句Affected species include polar bears—so not even the Arctic is immune. And the chemicals climb the food chain, from fish to mammals，and to us，即：受人造化學(xué)制品影響的種類包括北極熊、從魚到哺乳動物的生物鏈，也包括人，未提到鳥，故選D。

4. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息詞local residents定位到第一個(gè)小標(biāo)題下的末句So local residents，like many in poor communities around the globe，have faced the problem of investigating their claim that industries on their doorsteps are making them sick，即：當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衤暦Q他們門前的工業(yè)導(dǎo)致他們生病，故選B。

5. A 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息詞The pesticide DDT定位到第二個(gè)小標(biāo)題下的第二段The pesticide DDT does great damage to wildlife and can affect the human nervous system，but can also be effective against malaria(瘧疾)，即：殺蟲劑DDT會傷害野生動植物并且能影響人類的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，但對預(yù)防瘧疾是很有效的，故選A。

6. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息詞a U.N. convention定位到第二個(gè)小標(biāo)題末段第二句話There is a U.N. convention on trans-boundary air pollution, but that cannot cover every problem that can arise between neighbors，or between states which do not share a border，即：聯(lián)合國在跨邊界的空氣污染上有協(xié)定，但是不包括鄰國之間出現(xiàn)的每個(gè)問題，也不包括不接壤的州之間出現(xiàn)的問題，故選C。

7. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息詞a way of cleaning up after ourselves定位到第三個(gè)小標(biāo)題第二段One way of cleaning up after ourselves would be to throw less away，designing products to be recycled or even just to last longer，即：清潔的方法可以是少丟棄一些，設(shè)計(jì)可循環(huán)的產(chǎn)品或使用持久一些，未提到不再使用，故選C。

8. aggravate asthma symptoms in children。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四個(gè)小標(biāo)題首段末旬It found that increases in air pollution tended to aggravate asthma symptoms in children，即：空氣污染的增加惡化孩子的哮喘癥狀，故得答案。

9. pollution coming from a particular plant。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四個(gè)小標(biāo)題第三段末句But，according to…prove that illnesses suffered were caused by pollution coming from a particular plant，即：證明疾病是由一種來自特殊植物的污染而造成的，故得答案。

10. improve the situation。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到倒數(shù)第二段首句Martinus van Schalkwyk…said there were measures in place to improve the situation，即：環(huán)境和觀光事業(yè)部長Schalkwyk參觀了德爾班南部的盆地，并指出還是有措施可以改善現(xiàn)狀的，故得答案。

Part IV Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)

Section A

47. Because Australia bans the use of certain antibiotics in livestock.

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Australia和low drug resistance定位到文章開頭，可知一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在澳大利亞，導(dǎo)致常見食源性疾病的細(xì)菌抗藥性很低，這與美國和歐洲的情況有所不同;做出該發(fā)現(xiàn)的 科學(xué)家表示，澳大利亞禁止對家畜使用特定抗生素，這有助于解釋上述情況。

48. Campylobacter

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞industrialized countries和most common定位到第六段，可知弧形桿菌是美國和其他許多工業(yè)化國家中最常見的食源性疾病。

49. paralysis or death

原文第八段提到，患病的癥狀包括發(fā)燒、嘔吐、腹瀉，在個(gè)別病例中，還會導(dǎo)致癱瘓或死亡，而這些都是由食源性疾病導(dǎo)致的，由此可得答案。

50. drug-resistant bacteria

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞food-producing animals和public health expels定位到倒數(shù)第二段，可知美國食品及藥物管理局于去年禁止給產(chǎn)肉動物使用抗生素，其原因在于公共衛(wèi)生專家對抗藥細(xì)菌表示擔(dān)憂。

51. It’s entirely preventable.

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Angulo和bacteria’s antibiotic resistance定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第二句，可知Angulo認(rèn)為弧形桿菌感染完全可以預(yù)防，而細(xì)菌對抗生素的抗藥性也是如此。

Section B

Passage One

52. C 推斷題。taboo意為“禁忌，避諱”，結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容也可推斷出，taboo是那些社會無法接受的行為，所以C正確。

53. D 推斷題。由文章第二段第一句可知，在同一個(gè)社會中禁忌也是會改變的，以前被認(rèn)為是禁忌的行為，后來可能變得非常自然、可接受，由此推斷，肥胖在將來可能不再是什么禁忌，所以D正確。第三段第一句說fat是one of the newest taboos，排除干擾項(xiàng)C。

54. B 推斷題。由文章第三段第二句可知，美國如今的肥胖禁忌跟其他的禁忌不同——人們經(jīng)常討論關(guān)于肥胖的話題，所以B正確。

55. D 語義題。解答此題的關(guān)鍵在于理解in與out在此處的含義：前者指“流行的，時(shí)髦的”，后者指“過時(shí)的，不再時(shí)髦的”。另外，由文章第三段中對thin及fat的描述也可推知，前者比較流行，后者過時(shí)，故選D。

56. B 推斷題。由文章第三、四段可知，美國人認(rèn)為肥胖是“禁忌”，他們追求苗條和年輕，所以熱衷于鍛煉，由此推斷，B正確。

Passage Two

57. A 語義題。由文章第一段中的the population problem及rapid increase in the number可知，demographic的含義應(yīng)該與“人口”和“數(shù)量”有關(guān)，而-graphic表示“寫、畫、記錄的”，由此推斷A(人口統(tǒng)計(jì))正 確。B(環(huán)境研究)，C(人口的積聚)，D(人類的發(fā)展)，均與文意不符，故排除。

58. B 推斷題。由文章第二段第二句和第三句的virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history可知，文章第一段最后一句的引申意思是：在人口緩慢穩(wěn)定的增長之后會出現(xiàn)人口的激增。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)之中，只有B與其最相符，故選B。

59. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。由文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句可知，在人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)歷史上的第一個(gè)階段，社會常有覆滅的危險(xiǎn)是因?yàn)楹芏嗟胤饺丝谒劳雎时瘸錾矢?，所以B正確。

60. A 推斷題。由文章第四段第三、四句可知，l650到1975年，世界人口增長至40億，到2000年已經(jīng)增長至62億，由此可知，從l975年至2000年世界人口增長了22億，故選A。

61. D 推斷題。通讀全文可知，文章主要描述了世界人口增長的歷史和現(xiàn)狀，作者的目的在于使讀者能夠清楚地了解世界人口的增長狀況，所以D正確。B項(xiàng)對照歷史上人口增長的兩種模式是作者達(dá)到目的的手段。

Part V Error Correction

62. burglar→burglary

名詞burglar意為“夜賊”，而burglary意為“盜竊”。結(jié)合上下文可知，此處表示的是一種行為，故應(yīng)將burglar改為burglary。

63. it→there

分析句意可知，此處應(yīng)該是表示“有”的there be句型，所以應(yīng)將第一個(gè)it改為there。

64. 去掉is

本句中已有情態(tài)動詞can作謂語，所以is是多余的，應(yīng)該去掉。

65. the→a

這里應(yīng)當(dāng)用不定冠詞泛指某一大城市，而不應(yīng)該用表特指的定冠詞the。

66. what→that

此處誤用了定語從句的關(guān)系代詞。what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。此句先行詞為不定代詞something，那么關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該用that。

67. may→must

此處誤用了情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)句意，這里要表達(dá)的是“必須”之義，所以應(yīng)將may改為must。

68. which→that

本句是一個(gè)同位語從句，只有that可以作引導(dǎo)詞，故應(yīng)將which改為that。

69. of→to

根據(jù)句意，此處表示的應(yīng)該是“對于”之義，引導(dǎo)的是indicate的對象，應(yīng)使用介詞to。

70. unprotect→unprotected

此處應(yīng)為house的定語，而unprotect與其構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)該用過去分詞形式，故應(yīng)將unprotect改為unprotected。

71. 去掉out

本句中的complete為及物動詞，表示“完成”，所以out是多余的，應(yīng)該去掉。

Part VI Translation

72. the highest rates of this disease，almost twice that of Asia

“患病率”可用the rates of this disease來表示;“幾乎……”應(yīng)該作“患病率”的補(bǔ)語，可譯為省略結(jié)構(gòu);“兩倍”應(yīng)為twice，此處指的是南非的發(fā)病率是亞洲的發(fā)病率的兩倍，因 此應(yīng)譯為twice that of Asia，其中that指代的就是the rates of this disease。

73. took proper steps to solve the traffic problems

該句包含it is time…的結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示虛擬，其從句要用一般過去時(shí)?！安扇〈胧睘閺木渲^語，因此要譯為took steps或took measures;“來解決交通問題”為不定式表示目的，其中“解決問題”可譯為固定動賓搭配solve problems。此處還可譯為took proper measures to solve the traffic problems。

74. not only takes much time but is also harmful to health

由給出的中英文可知，playing video games應(yīng)為句子主語，其謂語動詞應(yīng)采用單數(shù)第三人稱形式?！凹取帧睉?yīng)譯為not only…but also;“花費(fèi)(時(shí)間)”可譯為take，“有害(健康)”可譯為be harmful to。

75. the majority of people believe that it is a lifetime study

結(jié)合給出的中英文可知，“教育是終生學(xué)習(xí)”可譯為“認(rèn)為”的賓語從句?！岸鄶?shù)人”應(yīng)譯為the majority of people，“認(rèn)為”可譯為think或believe。而“終生學(xué)習(xí)”則為a lifetime study。

76. unless some steps are taken to stop it

結(jié)合給出的中英文可知，所譯部分應(yīng)為unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。中文部分并沒有明確給出是誰“采取措施”，因此應(yīng)用被動語態(tài);“措施”可 譯為measure或step，表示目的的“加以”可譯為不定式的標(biāo)志詞to，還要注意“阻止”的賓語應(yīng)為situation，翻譯時(shí)可用代詞it來指代。