?2019年自考《英語詞匯學(xué)》考試重點(diǎn)二

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Chapter 3 Word Formation I

Morpheme(語素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words)

Allomorph(語素變體): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning

Type of Morpheme

Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent)

Bound Morpheme(粘著語素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.

Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root (2)Affix(詞綴)

1)Inflectional affixes (屈折詞綴)(inflectional morphemes):

affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional

2)Derivational affixes(派生詞綴) A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix

An adjective suffix(形容詞后綴) that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective.

free=free root(自由詞根)

Root and stem(詞根和詞干)

1) Root 2) Stem

The differences between root and stem:

A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.

A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.

Individualistic Undesirables

Individualist (stem) undesirable (stem)

Individual (stem) desirable (stem)

dividual (stem) desire (root, stem)

divide(root, stem)

Chapter 4 Word-Formation II

Affixation詞綴法(Derivation派生法)：adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem.

Prefixation前綴@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.

1)'表示否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.

2)''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.

3)'表示貶義'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.

4)'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-, super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.

5)'表示方向、態(tài)度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.

6)locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.

7)'表示時(shí)間、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.

8)'表示數(shù)量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.

9)'混雜'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-

Suffixation后綴@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.

1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes

Compounding復(fù)合法 (also called composition)

Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems

Compounds are written in three ways: solid(airmail) hyphenated(air-conditioning) open(air force, air raid)

Formation of compounds

noun compounds e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot

adjective compounds e.g. acid + head = acid-head

verb compounds e.g. house + keep = housekeep

Conversion轉(zhuǎn)類法

Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.

Blending混成法

Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN

Clipping截縮法

Clipping: to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone.

1).Front clippings (phone from telephone) 2).Back clippings (dorm from dormitory)

3).Front and back clippings (flu from influenza) 4).Phrase clippings (pop from popular music)

Acronymy首字母縮寫法

Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

Initialism首字母縮寫詞法: initialisms are pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)

Acronym首字母拼讀詞法:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.

Back-formation(逆生法，逆構(gòu)詞)

Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.(greed from greedy)

Words From Proper Name專有名詞轉(zhuǎn)成法

Names of people, places, book, and trade names (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt(瓦特，電功率單位)

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