?2022年專升本英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解

(一)基本概念:

1. 語(yǔ)氣： 是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表明說話的目的和意圖。

2. 種類： 英語(yǔ)中有四種語(yǔ)氣，分別是陳述語(yǔ)氣、疑問語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 ⑴陳述語(yǔ)氣： 陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或提出一個(gè)想法。例如：

China is a great socialist country.

⑵疑問語(yǔ)氣： 用來提出問題。例如：

Have you ever been to Japan?

⑶祈使語(yǔ)氣： 向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)，給予忠告、指示、警告和發(fā)出命令等。例如： Come and join us.

⑷虛擬語(yǔ)氣： 表示一種純?nèi)患傧氲那闆r或者主觀愿望。例如：

If he had a permit he could had a job.

3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式：

⑴現(xiàn)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣： 一般用動(dòng)詞原形來表達(dá)。例如：

God bless you.

It is essential that the ban is lifted.

She petitioned the king that her father be pardoned.

⑵過去虛擬語(yǔ)氣： 和陳述語(yǔ)氣的過去時(shí)相同，但動(dòng)詞 be 要用 were 形式。例如： Imagine your child got lost.

She treated me as though I were a stranger.

If only I were not so nervous.

(3)過去完成形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣： 和陳述語(yǔ)氣中的過去完成時(shí)相同。例如： I wish I hadn’t done so.

If I had seen her, I would have told her.

If only I had listened to your advice.

(二) 用法：

1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件狀語(yǔ)從句的運(yùn)用：

⑴一般條件狀語(yǔ)從句與虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句的比較： 例如：

①If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 這是個(gè)一般條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主句謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般將來時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。這句話 說明，說話人認(rèn)為邀請(qǐng)的可能性較大。

②If she invited me, I should go to the party. 這句話主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去將來時(shí)，從句 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。表示她很可能不會(huì)邀請(qǐng)我參加聚會(huì)，所以我不會(huì)去。這句 話說明，說話人認(rèn)為邀請(qǐng)的可能性較小或不可能。

③If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 這句話主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 用 should+have+過去分詞形式，從句用過去完成時(shí)。這對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行虛擬 假設(shè)，表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，其含義是： 她昨天沒有邀請(qǐng)我參加聚會(huì)，因此我沒有去。

④If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 這句話主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過 去將來時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用過去將來時(shí)。表示的意思是，邀請(qǐng)的可能性較小，對(duì)將來要發(fā)生的情況表示懷疑。其含義是： 明天她不可能會(huì)邀請(qǐng)我，因此我不會(huì)去。

 ⑵虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的各種具體形式如下：

①對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。

②對(duì)過去的虛擬，表示與過去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)。

③表示與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，對(duì)將來表示懷疑，或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。

⑶ 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的轉(zhuǎn)換形式：

①省略if：在 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，if 可以被省去，但是謂語(yǔ)要使用倒裝形式，

即將 were, had 或 should 放到句首。例如：

If I were you, I would go there by myself.

=Were I you, I would go there by myself.

②用介詞短語(yǔ)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：

 Without air, there would be no living things. 

But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.

③用其他方式代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：

 It would produce bad results to do that.

=If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.

⑷ 帶有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句或從句有時(shí)可以省略的。

①省去條件狀語(yǔ)從句，例如：

That would be fine. 那太好了。(省去了 ifyou would come 或類似條件)

We might have produced more coal. 我們可能生產(chǎn)出更多煤炭。

②省去主句，常用以表示愿望，從句謂語(yǔ)多用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。例如： If only she were here. 假如她在這兒該多好啊!

If only I had known it before. 如果我早先知道這件事，那就好了。

2. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的其他句型和用法

⑴用在 wish+賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示很難實(shí)現(xiàn)或不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，可以翻譯為“但愿 … …”, “悔不該 … …”等。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去式; 表示將來 的愿望，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 would (could)+動(dòng)詞原形; 對(duì)過去的事情表示愿望，從 句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞had+過去分詞或 could+have+過去分詞。Wish 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句必須

用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，不管這個(gè)愿望是否能實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：

I wish it were Spring all the year round. 現(xiàn)在

I wish you could go with us. 將來

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 過去

⑵用在 as if/as though, 或 even if/even though 引導(dǎo)的從句中，如果從句中表示的動(dòng)作 發(fā)生在過去，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用had+過去分詞形式; 如果指的是現(xiàn)在的狀況，則用過去

式(be 用 were);指將來則用 would(should, could)+動(dòng)詞原形。這里只看從句動(dòng)作發(fā) 生的時(shí)間，與主句的時(shí)態(tài)沒有關(guān)系。例如：

They talked and talked as if/ as though they would never meet again. 將來

He looks as if/ as though he had been hit by lighting. 過去

It seems as if it were spring already. 現(xiàn)在

⑶在 It is (high) time (that) … 句型中，后面的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過去式(be 的過去式用 were), 或用 should+動(dòng)詞原形(should 不能省略)來表示。這句話的意思是，現(xiàn)在，該...... 了。例如：

It is time we left/should leave.

It is high time that you got married.

⑷在 I would rather (that)......句型中，后面的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去式(be 的過去式用 were)。 這句話意思思是，我寧可...... ，表示說話人的意愿。例如：

I’d rather I were in the rain now.

I’d rather you did not tell him.

⑸用在 suppose 開頭的祈使句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化與 as if 后面的動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)律相同， 用過去式、過去完成式、或過去將來式。意思是假如......，但 suppose 是動(dòng)詞，不是連詞。 例如：

Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?

Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?

Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan independent. What would China do?

⑹用在 for fear that 或 lest 引導(dǎo)的從句中，表示怕...... 、萬一......等意思。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 should+動(dòng)詞原形，should 可以省略。例如：

She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold. ⑹

The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged.

Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the building.

⑺在表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動(dòng)詞，如 arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose,request, require, suggest, beg, move(提議)后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 should +動(dòng)詞原形，should 可以省略，而引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的 that 不能省略。例如：

We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.

We insisted that they (should) go with us.

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. ⑻使用上述表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，或在這些動(dòng)詞用作名詞時(shí)，

名詞之后的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 should+動(dòng)詞原形，should 可以省略。 從句的引導(dǎo)詞that 不能省略。這與上述第 7 項(xiàng)類似。例如：

①He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off. = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.

②Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized. = We suggest that education not be industrialized.

③The president’s decision is that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time. = The president decided that the war against terrorism be launched at the right time.

⑼上述動(dòng)詞在 It is suggested that … … , It is required that … … , It’s requested that … … , It’s ordered that … .., It’s arranged that … …句型中，that 之后的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 用 should+動(dòng)詞原形, should 可以省略，但引導(dǎo)詞 that 不能省略。例如：

It was suggested that he attend the conference.

It was requested that the trial be openly reported.

⑽在 It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that … … 句型中，that 引導(dǎo)的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 should+動(dòng)詞原形,should 可以省 略。這個(gè)句型表示說話人的意見、要求等。例如：

It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter.

It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.

It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board meeting.

⑾另外在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中也有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式。例如：

May you be happy!

May you succeed!

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

Everybody leave the room!

You had better not resign.

I would rather not tell you.

(三) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣小結(jié)： 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的變化，我們大致可以把虛擬語(yǔ)氣分為三種：

1. 一種是 if… … 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，或者是 wish, suppose 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，動(dòng) 詞用過去式、過去完成式或過去將來式;

2. 一種是表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動(dòng)詞或名詞后面所接的從句， 以及 It is important (necessary) that … … 后面所接的從句中，動(dòng)詞用 should+動(dòng)詞原形，有時(shí) should 可以省略;

3. 一種是 It is (high) time (that) … …和 I would rather 后面的從句中，動(dòng)詞用過去式。