2020年公共英語三級語法解析：動詞

一、動詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)

1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

(1)表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，常與now,at present等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：

What are you doing now?

(2)和always,continually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動作，常含有某種情感。如：

He is always doing good deeds.

2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

主要表示動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just,already,so far,once,never等詞連用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?

3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes,always,often,every day等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Sometimes,we go swimming after school.

(2)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：The earth goes round the sun.

4、一般將來時(shí)

表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow,next year等連用。如：

I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

We're going to see a film next Monday.

5、一般過去時(shí)

表示在過去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday,last year,in 1998,a moment ago等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago.

6、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動作。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday?

7、過去完成時(shí)

表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。如：

The train had already left before we arrived.

8、一般過去將來時(shí)

表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動作。如：

He said he would come,but he didn't.

9、被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)

二、動詞短語

英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動詞，有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動詞的特征。英語短語動詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：

(1)動詞+介詞

常見的有l(wèi)ook for,look after,send for,care about,ask for,laugh at,hear of(from),add to,lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：

Don't laugh at others.

I didn't care about it.

(2)動詞+副詞

常見的有g(shù)ive up,pick up,think over,find out,hand in,point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

Please don't forget to hand it in.

(3)動詞+副詞+介詞

常見的有l(wèi)ook down upon,go on with,break away from,add up to,catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：

All his money added up to no more than$100.

After a short rest,he went on with his research work.

(4)動詞+名詞+介詞

常見的有take care of,make use of,pay attention to,make fun of等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.

We should make full use of our time.

(5)動詞+形容詞

常見的有l(wèi)eave open,set free,cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：

The prisoners were set free.

He cut it open.

(6)動詞+名詞

常見的有take place,make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如：

This story took place three years ago.

I make friends with a lot of people.

(7)辨析

give away(讓給，暴露)和give up(放棄，停止)

put away(放起，收起)和put out(撲滅)

turn up(出席，放大)和turn on(打開)

keep out(阻止)和keep off(不讓靠近)

make up(編造，補(bǔ)上)和make out(辨認(rèn))

take off(脫，起飛)和take out(拿出)

三、動詞不定式

1、不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。

式|語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)

一般式to write to be written

完成式to have written to have been written

進(jìn)行式to be writing

完成進(jìn)行式to have been writing

2、不定式的句法功能

(1)作主語

To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動詞后。如：It's nice to hear from you.

It's not easy to be a good teacher.

(2)作賓語

通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等詞后。如：I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.

(3)作表語

My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.

(4)作定語

不定式作定語時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：

I have two letters to write.

I have a lot of work to do.

(5)作賓補(bǔ)

通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等詞后。如：

He ordered her to leave at once.

He was forced to obey his order.

(6)作狀語

He got up early to catch the first bus.

He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

(7)作獨(dú)立成分

To tell you the truth,I told a lie.

(8)"疑問詞+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

I don't know how to choose them.

I cannot decide where to go.

(9)不定式的否定式。如：

I decided not to go.

(10)不定式的完成式。如：

He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

(11)too…to結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He was too excited to go to sleep.

He was only too glad to go.(他太高興了，樂意去)

(12)主動表被動。如：

The book is easy to read.

I have a book to read.