考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（四百零六）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內(nèi)容

1、This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?” What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.“Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,” says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.” But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster. 

1.Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it（  ）.2.In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness（  ）.3.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles（  ）.4.The author's attitude toward Google's pledge is one of（  ）.5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

問題1

A、fascinates AI scientists all over the world

B、has remained popular for as long as 200 years

C、involves some concerns raised by AI today

D、has sparked serious ethical controversies

問題2

A、helps explain artificial intelligence

B、can be misleading to robot making

C、inspires popular sci-fi TV series

D、is too limited for us to reproduce it

問題3

A、can hardly ever be found

B、is still beyond our capacity

C、causes little public concern

D、has aroused much curiosity

問題4

A、affirmation

B、skepticism

C、contempt

D、respect

問題5

A、AI's Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants

B、Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI

C、The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

D、AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control

2、Will a robot snatch away your job? Or will you learn to love intelligent machines as co¬workers? In today’s quickly evolving workplace a little of either may be true.Robots were once seen as workers that would free humans from the “three D” jobs: dull, dirty, and dangerous. Unskilled laborers would have their jobs handed to machines that never needed to take a day off, a vacation, or even a coffee break.That’s still a concern. But humans have also proved resilient, possessing a wide array of fine motor skills that have proved difficult to reproduce in machines. While robots might operate using one sensor, perhaps a kind of vision, humans can tap five senses to assess a situation, as well as a complex set of memories and experiences. When robots can catch up is anyone’s guess.Still, more and more robots are scurrying around places like gigantic Amazon distribution centers, where they deliver packages to channels matched to the right delivery ZIP code. Their paths as they roll about the warehouse floor are based on complex algorithms that maximize efficiency. But for now, humans are still needed to pack the actual boxes, which might contain several items of different sizes, shapes, weights, and fragility. That’s a packing choice that still stumps a robot, but is easily handled by a human.As artificial intelligence advances, robots will move into higher-skilled jobs that seem especially human. This spring, for example, minor league baseball is experimenting with a “robo-umpire” called TrackMan that calls balls and strikes behind home plate. No more fans yelling at a human ump “Get a pair of glasses!” Journalists have fancied themselves pretty safe from robo-job stealing. But RADAR, a robot news writer in Britain, researches and writes stories based on templates created by humans, producing about 8,000 local news stories a month. Humans are still needed to double-check the work, just as editors do with human journalists today.Observers worry that the historically low 3.6% jobless rate in the United States is temporarily masking this robot revolution shocking the workplace. In April, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and development estimated 14% of the jobs in its 36 member nations are at “high risk” of being eliminated by automation, while another 32% will undergo major changes in how they are done. Millions of workers young and old will need to learn new skills to keep their jobs or qualify for new ones. How to prepare to work alongside robots and other manifestations of artificial intelligence is a challenge that individuals, educators, employers, and governments are going to be facing at an ever-quickening pace.

1.What does the author mean by saying “That’s still a concern” (Line 1, Paragraph 3)?2.What can we learn from Paragraph 4?3.The author quotes the example of TrackMan and RADAR to show that_____.4.The author’s attitude towards working together with robots is_____.5.Which of the following is the text mainly about?

問題1

A、It is uncertain whether robots will snatch away human’s works.

B、Robots were able to replace human in the nontechnical jobs.

C、Fine operating skills possessed by humans were irreproducible.

D、Intelligent machines would work together with humans.

問題2

A、Robots still need the help of human in some jobs.

B、Humans still play a dominant role in the workplace.

C、There is no difficulty for robots to work independently.

D、Robots can take the place of human in the future.

問題3

A、humans should learn new skills to avoid being replaced

B、artificial intelligence has experienced rapid development

C、robots will engage in those jobs requiring advanced skills

D、it is possible for humans to face the threat of losing jobs soon

問題4

A、appreciative

B、ambiguous

C、concerned

D、objective

問題5

A、The development of artificial intelligence.

B、The impact of robot revolution on human’s jobs.

C、The challenges faced by humans in the workplace.

D、What kinds of jobs robots will do in the future.

3、A Downing Street review into modern employment is to call on the government to improve the quality of work for millions of people earning the minimum wage after it found too many are stuck with few prospects and falling job satisfaction.A 10-month review commissioned by the prime minister has identified a productivity crisis among the lowest paid workers, particularly in sectors such as retail, care work and hospitality, and will urge the government to give the low Pay Commission a new role to boost job satisfaction.Matthew Taylor, a former adviser to Tony Blair, is expected to say next week that the government needs to widen the focus of its industrial strategy to tackle falling productivity among the low paid—not least because many work in the public sector—as well as its current priority of high value, high tech export industries. Taylor’s report is expected to say “the ambition we should have is that all work is fair and decent and with scope for fulfillment and development”.The low Pay Commission sets the national living wage. There are predictions that 15% of the British workforce will be earning up to or at that level by 2020, up from 2% in 2000. In three years a quarter of workers in wholesale, retail, agriculture and fishing will be earning at the wage floor, according to the Resolution Foundation.The review was ordered by Theresa May following revelations about low pay and the lack of basic employment rights endured by many workers in sectors including parcel delivery, minicab driving and warehouse work.The Guardian exposed poor pay and conditions for workers in gig economy companies including courier firm Hermes and how Sports Direct in effect paid agency workers at its Shirebrook warehouse in Derbyshire less than the minimum wage.In her first speech as prime minister, May addressed people who “have a job, but... don’t always have job security”, those who are “just managing” and said: “The government I lead will be driven not by the interests of the privileged few, but by yours.”The Taylor review is seen as one of her most concrete attempts to deliver on that. It is expected to suggest the government develop a set of measures to assess the quality of low paid work across different sectors, taking into account issues such as access to training and job satisfaction.Research in April for the RSA, of which Taylor is chief executive, found three out of four people think more should be done to improve the quality of work. It said 13.5 million people are living in poverty in Britain and 55% are in working households.

1.What does not contribute to the call for improvement according to Paragraph 1?2.Downing Street review is so called because it is____. 3.According to the text, who are not the subjects covered in the review?4.In which walk of life is gig economy pervasive according to the text?5.Which of the following maybe the best title for the text?

問題1

A、Low job satisfaction.

B、Poor payment for work.

C、Modern job market.

D、Bleak future for work.

問題2

A、carried out in Downing Street

B、commanded by British Prime Minister

C、conducted by chief executive of RSA

D、a lengthy research like Downing Street

問題3

A、The low-paid employees.

B、The minimum-wage earners.

C、The people in poverty.

D、The rich royal family.

問題4

A、In non-government organizations.

B、In government departments.

C、In express companies.

D、In business companies.

問題5

A、Low-paid Workers Need Better Prospects, May Told

B、Government Need to Take Immediate Actions

C、Low Pay Commission Tries to Call for Improvement

D、All Work Is Fair and Decent, Matthew Taylor Said

4、A small group of Internet security specialists gathered in Singapore to start up a Global system to make e-mail and e-commerce more secure, end the rapid growth of passwords and raise the bar significantly for Internet fraud, spies and troublemakers.The Singapore event included an elaborate technical ceremony to create and then securely store numerical keys that will be kept in three hardened data centers there, in Zurich and in San Jose, Calif. The keys and data centers are working parts of a technology known as Secure DNS, or DNSSEC. DNS refers to the Domain Name System, which is a directory that connects names to numerical Internet addresses. Preliminary work on the security system had been going on for more than a year, but this was the first time the system went into operation, even though it is not quite complete.The three centers are fortresses made up of five layers of physical, electronic and cryptographic security, making it virtually impossible to damage the system. Four layers are active now. The fifth, a physical barrier, is being built inside the data center.The technology is viewed by many computer security specialists as a ray of hope amid the recent cascade of data thefts, attacks, disruptions and scandals, including break-ins at Citibank, Sony, Lockheed Martin, RSA Security and elsewhere. It allows users to communicate via the Internet with high confidence that the identity of the person or organization they are communicating with is not being tricked or forged.Internet engineers like Dan Kaminsky, an independent network security researcher who is one of the engineers involved in the project, want to counteract three major deficiencies in today’s Internet. There is no mechanism for ensuring trust, the quality of software is uneven, and it is difficult to track down bad actors.One reason for these flaws is that from the 1960s through the 1980s the engineers who designed the network’s underlying technology were concerned about reliable, rather than secure, communications. That is starting to change with the introduction of Secure DNS by governments and other organizations.The event in Singapore capped a process that began more than a year ago and is expected to be complete after 300 so-called top-level domains have been digitally signed. Before the Singapore event, 70 countries had adopted the technology, and 14 more were added as part of the event. While large countries are generally doing the technical work to include their own domains in the system, the association of Internet security specialists is helping smaller countries and organizations with the process.

1.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that the Singapore event intended to____.2.It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that___.3.The word “counteract”(Line 2, Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to___.4.Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?5.What would be the best title for the text?

問題1

A、complete three data centers

B、put an end to Internet fraud

C、launch the Global system Secure DNS

D、connect domain names to Web addresses

問題2

A、the Secure DNS has protected lots of companies from data thefts

B、experts see Secure DNS as a promising technology

C、companies like Sony are undergoing an Internet security crisis

D、communicating via the Internet makes people more confident

問題3

A、eliminate

B、hide

C、assess

D、substitute

問題4

A、Secure DNS will be completed soon.

B、Internet engineers prefer to wait and see how things go.

C、Domains of more countries will be included in Secure DNS.

D、More countries are supposed to invest in Secure DNS.

問題5

A、The Network Security Condition Is Worrying

B、Secure DNS Has Grown Mature Nowadays

C、Secure DNS Will Become a Popular technology

D、A Stronger Net Security System Is Under Way

5、The woman disappeared. She had been coming to our group therapy sessions for months, and suddenly she stopped. Other group members told me why: she had been beaten so badly by her husband that she ended up in the hospital. The assault happened while her husband was, to use a too dainty phrase, “under the influence” of alcohol. I wish this were an isolated incident, but alcohol is a common instigator of violence against others, as well as harm to oneself.This link between alcohol and violence has been shown in multiple countries. In 1998 the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that in the U.S., two thirds of violent attacks on intimate partners occurred in the context of alcohol abuse. Drinking increases the perpetration of physical and sexual violence. Alcohol use also reportedly increases the severity of violent assaults. Although drinking alcohol does not always lead to violence and is not a prerequisite for violence to occur, the link between alcohol and violence is undeniable.The victims are overwhelmingly women. But children are also harmed. Parents who drink heavily are more likely to physically abuse their child. Youngsters who live in neighborhoods with more bars or liquor stores are more likely to be maltreated. In fact, one out of every 10 instances of child abuse reported to child protective service agencies in the U.S. involves alcohol use.Violent, drunken men fall victim, too. They are as likely to die from alcohol-related firearm incidents as drunk-driving accidents. For all the effort put into preventing drunk driving, we have utterly failed to appreciate that being intoxicated while in possession of a firearm is an equally dangerous situation. Nevertheless, many states permit customers to carry firearms into establishments that serve alcohol.As a mental health care provider, I also commonly see patients under the influence who contemplate or try suicide. Suicide attempts are often impulsive acts. When sober, many patients regret these efforts to take their own life. Unfortunately, alcohol intoxication increases the risk that people will attempt suicide with a firearm, and because guns are the most lethal suicide method in the U.S., it is often too late for regrets.How do we break this deadly connection? As doctors, we should always ask about alcohol use, violence and access to firearms, simply to raise awareness among our patients. But there is another strategy that would be highly effective: raise alcohol taxes. Yes, alcohol is taxed, but the taxes have not kept up with inflation, making drinking more affordable than it has been in decades. Evidence shows that driving the price up would lower drinking’s tragic human cost.

1.According to Paragraph 1, the woman disappeared because____.2.The main idea of the second paragraph is to____.3.According to the author, the alcohol-related firearm incidents____.4.Suicide is mentioned in paragraph 5 to illustrate____.5.The author believes that we can break the connection by____.

問題1

A、she was fed up with group therapy sessions

B、she was driven out by other group members

C、she was severely hurt by her drunk husband

D、she was segregated from the therapy group

問題2

A、explain the intimate relationship between husband and wife

B、show the close connection between drinking and violence

C、boast the great harm done by alcohol abuse to innocents

D、share the certainty of drinking alcohol causing violenc

問題3

A、are as many as drunk-driving accidents

B、are not as dangerous as drunk-driving accidents

C、are not so emphasized as drunk-driving accidents

D、are prevented by bars or liquor stores in many states

問題4

A、the danger of impulse

B、the danger of firearm

C、the harm of suicide

D、the harm of alcohol abuse

問題5

A、increasing the taxes on alcohol and raising the prices of liquors

B、persuading the drunkards not to attempt to commit suicide

C、keeping alcohol taxes up with the inflation in the United States

D、pulling the alcohol abusers out of the influence of drinking