考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（三百九十一）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內(nèi)容

1、Picture-taking is a technique which can both reflect the objective world and express the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture¬taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography’s means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs? like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.

1.The two directly opposite ideals of photography differ primarily in the___.2.According to paragraph 2, the interest among photographers in each of the photography’s two ideals can be described as___3.The text states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT___4.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton to provide an example of___5.The author is primarily concerned with___

問題1

A、degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographer.

B、emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product.

C、way in which each defines the role of the photographer.

D、extent of the power that each requires of the photographer’s equipment.

問題2

A、steadily growing.

B、cyclically recurring.

C、continuously altering.

D、spontaneously occurring.

問題3

A、They can display a cropped reality.

B、They can change the viewer’s sensibilities.

C、They can depict the photographer’s temperament.

D、They can convey information.

問題4

A、the relationship between photographic originality and Technology.

B、how cameras have changed from the nineteenth century to the twentieth.

C、the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth century.

D、how a controlled ambivalence toward photography’s means can produce outstanding pictures.

問題5

A、establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography.

B、describing how photographers’ individual temperaments are reflected in their work.

C、analyzing the effects of photographic ideals on picture-taking.

D、explaining how the technical limitations affect photographers’ work.

2、bound 

A、 n. 出身背景，學(xué)歷，經(jīng)歷；背景；不顯眼的位置，幕后；底色，底花，底子

B、 n. 答復(fù)，回答；答案

C、 adj. 一定會(huì)，很可能會(huì)；受約束（必須做某事），有義務(wù)；因…受阻；正旅行去，準(zhǔn)備前往；v. 跳躍著跑；形成…的邊界；n. 蹦跳；跳躍

D、 n. 螞蟻

3、Text 3 ①As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past., I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). ②I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. ③People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. ④They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter. ①Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. ②How do we explain this trend? ①During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. ②The thought ofholding afixedgrin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the  norm. ①But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. ②Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we mustlookelsewhere for an explanation of whyVictorians stillhesitatedtosmile. ①One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. ②“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. ③A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was notguaranteed). ①A toothy  grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming  look for properly bred persons.②Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever".

 1、According to Paragraph 1, the author ’ s  posts  on Twitter______. 2、What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? 3、What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? 4、Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______ . 5、Which of the following questions does the text  answer?

問題1

A、changed people’s impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

問題2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

問題3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

問題4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

問題5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C、What made photography develop in the Victorian period?

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

4、    While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.    Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.    Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”    Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”    Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”    Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

1、Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?2、Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women _____.3、According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be _____.4、The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that _____.5、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

問題1

A、Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

B、Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

C、Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

D、Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

問題2

A、need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.

B、have limited capacity for tolerating stress.

C、are more capable of avoiding stress.

D、are exposed to more stress.

問題3

A、domestic and temporary.

B、irregular and violent.

C、durable and frequent.

D、trivial and random.

問題4

A、Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

B、Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

C、Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

D、Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

問題5

A、Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

B、Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

C、Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

D、Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

5、    In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.    The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.    Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.    Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.    Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”

1、Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to _____2、Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?3、On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?4、We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future _____5、The text intends to tell us that _____

問題1

A、illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

B、show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..

C、compare different generations of NBA players.

D、assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

問題2

A、Genetic modification.

B、Natural environment.

C、Living standards.

D、Daily exercise.

問題3

A、Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

B、Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

C、Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

D、Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

問題4

A、the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

B、the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.

C、genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

D、the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

問題5

A、the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

B、human height is becoming even more predictable.

C、Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

D、the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.