考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（三百八十四）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內容

1、Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference.According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.1.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills（  ）.2.Which of the following is true of the California measure?3.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate（  ）.4.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to（  ）.5.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

問題1

A、help little to reduce gender bias

B、pose a threat to the state government

C、raise women's position in politics

D、greatly broaden career options

問題2

A、It has irritated private business owners.

B、It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.

C、It may go against the Constitution.

D、It will settle the prior controversies.

問題3

A、the harm from arbitrary board decision

B、the importance of constitutional guarantees

C、the pressure on women in global corporations

D、the needlessness of government interventions

問題4

A、the underestimation of elite women's role

B、the objection to female participation on boards

C、the entry of unqualified candidates into the board

D、the growing tension between labor and management

問題5

A、Women's need in employment should be considered.

B、Feasibility should be a prime concern in policy-making.

C、Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

D、Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.

2、Text 3 ①As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past., I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). ②I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. ③People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. ④They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter. ①Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. ②How do we explain this trend? ①During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. ②The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the  norm. ①But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. ②Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile. ①One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. ②“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. ③A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed). ①A toothy  grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming  look for properly bred persons.②Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever". 1、According to Paragraph 1, the author ’ s  posts  on Twitter______. 2、What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? 3、What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? 4、Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______ . 5、Which of the following questions does the text  answer?

問題1

A、changed people’s impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

問題2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

問題3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

問題4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

問題5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C、What made photography develop in the Victorian period?

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

3、The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.    To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.    The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.    We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.    Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”1、The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England _____.2、It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders _____.3、The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay _____.4、The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often _____.5、The text suggests that early settlers in New England _____.

問題1

A、Puritan tradition dominated political life.

B、intellectual interests were encouraged.

C、Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

D、intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

問題2

A、experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.

B、brought with them the culture of the Old World

C、paid little attention to southern intellectual life

D、were obsessed with religious innovations

問題3

A、were famous in the New World for their writings

B、gained increasing importance in religious affairs

C、abandoned high positions before coming to the New World

D、created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

問題4

A、influenced by superstitions

B、troubled with religious beliefs

C、puzzled by church sermons

D、frustrated with family earnings

問題5

A、were mostly engaged in political activities

B、were motivated by an illusory prospect

C、came from different backgrounds

D、left few formal records for later reference

4、It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.    More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.    Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .    Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.    But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.    Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.1、In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s _____.2、PTK is used to _____.3、Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to _____.4、In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _____.5、An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _____.

問題1

A、easy availability

B、flexibility in pricing

C、successful promotion

D、popularity with households

問題2

A、locate one’s birth place

B、promote genetic research

C、identify parent-child kinship

D、choose children for adoption

問題3

A、trace distant ancestors

B、rebuild reliable bloodlines

C、fully use genetic information

D、achieve the claimed accuracy

問題4

A、disorganized data collection

B、overlapping database building

C、excessive sample comparison

D、lack of patent evaluation

問題5

A、Fors and Againsts of DNA testing

B、DNA testing and It’s problems

C、DNA testing outside the lab

D、lies behind DNA testing

5、Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights--you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as ?res and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features ca 20 you to civilization

問題1

A、Some

B、Most

C、Few

D、All

問題2

A、put

B、take

C、run

D、come

問題3

A、Since

B、If

C、Though

D、Until

問題4

A、formally

B、relatively

C、gradually

D、literally

問題5

A、back

B、next

C、around

D、away

問題6

A、onto

B、off

C、across

D、along

問題7

A、unattractive

B、uncrowded

C、unchanged

D、unfamiliar

問題8

A、site

B、point

C、way

D、place

問題9

A、So

B、Yet

C、Instead

D、Besides

問題10

A、immediately

B、intentionally

C、unexpectedly

D、eventually

問題11

A、surprised

B、annoyed

C、frightened

D、confused

問題12

A、problem

B、option

C、view

D、result

問題13

A、Above all

B、In contrast

C、On average

D、For example

問題14

A、bridge

B、avoid

C、spot

D、separate

問題15

A、form

B、through

C、beyond

D、under

問題16

A、posts

B、links

C、shades

D、breaks

問題17

A、artificial

B、mysterious

C、hidden

D、limited

問題18

A、Finally

B、Consequently

C、Incidentally

D、Generally

問題19

A、memories

B、marks

C、notes

D、belongings

問題20

A、restrict

B、adopt

C、lead

D、expose