考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（三百八十一）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內(nèi)容

1、A small group of Internet security specialists gathered in Singapore to start up a Global system to make e-mail and e-commerce more secure, end the rapid growth of passwords and raise the bar significantly for Internet fraud, spies and troublemakers.The Singapore event included an elaborate technical ceremony to create and then securely store numerical keys that will be kept in three hardened data centers there, in Zurich and in San Jose, Calif. The keys and data centers are working parts of a technology known as Secure DNS, or DNSSEC. DNS refers to the Domain Name System, which is a directory that connects names to numerical Internet addresses. Preliminary work on the security system had been going on for more than a year, but this was the first time the system went into operation, even though it is not quite complete.The three centers are fortresses made up of five layers of physical, electronic and cryptographic security, making it virtually impossible to damage the system. Four layers are active now. The fifth, a physical barrier, is being built inside the data center.The technology is viewed by many computer security specialists as a ray of hope amid the recent cascade of data thefts, attacks, disruptions and scandals, including break-ins at Citibank, Sony, Lockheed Martin, RSA Security and elsewhere. It allows users to communicate via the Internet with high confidence that the identity of the person or organization they are communicating with is not being tricked or forged.Internet engineers like Dan Kaminsky, an independent network security researcher who is one of the engineers involved in the project, want to counteract three major deficiencies in today’s Internet. There is no mechanism for ensuring trust, the quality of software is uneven, and it is difficult to track down bad actors.One reason for these flaws is that from the 1960s through the 1980s the engineers who designed the network’s underlying technology were concerned about reliable, rather than secure, communications. That is starting to change with the introduction of Secure DNS by governments and other organizations.The event in Singapore capped a process that began more than a year ago and is expected to be complete after 300 so-called top-level domains have been digitally signed. Before the Singapore event, 70 countries had adopted the technology, and 14 more were added as part of the event. While large countries are generally doing the technical work to include their own domains in the system, the association of Internet security specialists is helping smaller countries and organizations with the process.1.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that the Singapore event intended to____.2.It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that___.3.The word “counteract”(Line 2, Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to___.4.Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?5.What would be the best title for the text?

問題1

A、complete three data centers

B、put an end to Internet fraud

C、launch the Global system Secure DNS

D、connect domain names to Web addresses

問題2

A、the Secure DNS has protected lots of companies from data thefts

B、experts see Secure DNS as a promising technology

C、companies like Sony are undergoing an Internet security crisis

D、communicating via the Internet makes people more confident

問題3

A、eliminate

B、hide

C、assess

D、substitute

問題4

A、Secure DNS will be completed soon.

B、Internet engineers prefer to wait and see how things go.

C、Domains of more countries will be included in Secure DNS.

D、More countries are supposed to invest in Secure DNS.

問題5

A、The Network Security Condition Is Worrying

B、Secure DNS Has Grown Mature Nowadays

C、Secure DNS Will Become a Popular technology

D、A Stronger Net Security System Is Under Way

2、Latin America—a place long associated with financial disaster—has remained improbably calm, while the ripples of America’s subprime-mortgage crisis have spread all over the place. Banks have reported no unpleasant surprises. Brazil and Peru have been blessed with coveted investment-grade ratings. Surprisingly, perhaps the fleetest country of all has been Argentina. Since it emerged from the financial crisis of 2001-02, it has been one of the world’s fastest growing economies. It is expected to expand faster than most of its neighbors again this year. How has such a perennial economic miscreant proven so resilient to the credit crunch?Quite simply, it barely has no credit. Back when its economy virtually collapsed, the country suffered a run on its banks, followed by a freeze on withdrawals, and a massive currency devaluation. As a result, bank lending to the private sector shrivelled, from 23.8% of GDP in 2000 to 10.8% in 2003. Since then, it has rebounded to a piddling 13%; by contrast, the ratio in Brazil was 36. 5% in 2006. Almost all of these loans in Argentina are accessible only on a short-term basis.Once its recovery began in June 2002, Argentina became a paradise for business. Unemployment of over 20% kept wages down, and the devaluation gave exporters an edge on foreign competitors. The ample productive capacity left idle by the crisis meant firms could expand without making big investments. And the windfall profits reaped by agricultural exporters, thanks to record commodities prices, enabled many of them to finance new projects out of earnings. Hence the economy could grow at almost 9% a year with little need for credit.But such a fortuitous confluence of factors could not last. Starting in early 2005, inflation picked up, a sign that the installed capacity was starling to limit output. Salaries and prices for raw materials increased sharply, cutting into profits. And farmers were particularly hard hit when the government nearly doubled the taxes it leaves on farm exports. Now, just as companies need to embark on big investments if they are to keep growing, their margins are no longer big enough to pay for the expansion and they need to borrow.So, the time is ripe for the country’s financial system to recover. But a number of things are in the way. Foremost is Argentina’s business risk. Those in the informal economy (which represents over 40% of GDP) can neither save nor borrow legally, lest they become known to tie taxmen. The rest remain cowed by memories of the crisis. Although Argentines have poured their savings into property, fuelling a construction boom, they still hold about four-fifths of their deposits abroad.Inflation, fuelled by a public-spending binge, stale-mandated wage increases, and a cheap currency, is not helping either. No one knows how high it is. The consumer price index is doctored to keep the official rate Below 10%, but private estimates suggest it is near 25%. Without a reliable index of inflation, lending is all but impossible, even for the medium term. And the central bank has kept interest rates strongly negative in real terms, encouraging workers to spend their wages rather than to save.1.What can we infer from the first paragraph?2.Argentina’s economy started its recovery in 2002. According to the text, which of the following is NOT the reason?3.According to the author, Argentina’s financial recovery has been hindered because____.4.There is no dependable index of inflation, because____5.What is the main idea of the text?

問題1

A、America’s subprime-mortgage crisis has greatly influenced Latin America.

B、Latin America is suffering a financial disaster.

C、At the beginning of this century Argentina has suffered a financial crisis.

D、Argentina’s economy grows faster than any other countries economics.

問題2

A、Low wages.

B、Low value of currency.

C、Low unemployment.

D、Low commodities prices of exports.

問題3

A、the banks cannot offer enough financial help

B、companies never pay the tax

C、they do not have enough foreign investment

D、companies’ increased caution for the crisis

問題4

A、the value of the currency is low.

B、there are different ways to get the index.

C、the index have been manipulated by the government.

D、the central bank has kept rates low.

問題5

A、Credit does not play a role in economy.

B、Banking sector and capital markets sometimes are not so essential in economy.

C、Argentina’s economy is the best one in Latin America.

D、Argentina is a paradise for business.

3、Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain. Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called “drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. “Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking” emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.1.Freud believed that aggression and libido____2.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?3.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive____4.According to Mark Solms, dreaming____5.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories____

問題1

A、were the only two sources of psychic energy.

B、could sometimes surface in our conscious life.

C、affected our behaviour unconsciously.

D、could appear clearly in our dreams.

問題2

A、Emotion.

B、Lust.

C、Seeking.

D、Urge.

問題3

A、originates in the limbic system.

B、involves parts of the forebrain.

C、controls how we respond to stimulus.

D、exists in many other animals.

問題4

A、takes place during the whole sleeping period.

B、involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.

C、is closely related to the “seeking” emotion.

D、starts at the same time as libido appears.

問題5

A、have long been discredited.

B、provide good guide for further research.

C、are placed in the same category.

D、are concerned about human being.

4、On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.    In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.    Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.    However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.    Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.    The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.    Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.1、Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ____2、On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?3、It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ____4、The White House claims that its power of enforcement ____5、What can be learned from the last paragraph?

問題1

A、deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.

B、disturbed the power balance between different states.

C、overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

D、contradicted both the federal and state policies.

問題2

A、Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.

B、States’ independence from federal immigration law.

C、States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

D、Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

問題3

A、violated the Constitution.

B、undermined the states’ interests.

C、supported the federal statute.

D、stood in favor of the states.

問題4

A、outweighs that held by the states.

B、is dependent on the states’ support.

C、is established by federal statutes.

D、rarely goes against state laws.

問題5

A、Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.

B、Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

C、Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

D、The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.

5、In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that "social epidemics" are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.    The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two - step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends    In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.    The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.    Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.1、By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to ____.2、The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” ____.3、what the researchers have observed recently shows that ____.4、The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who ____.5、what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

問題1

A、analyze the consequences of social epidemics

B、discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas

C、exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics

D、describe the essential characteristics of influentials.

問題2

A、serves as a solution to marketing problems

B、has helped explain certain prevalent trends

C、has won support from influentials

D、requires solid evidence for its validity

問題3

A、the power of influence goes with social interactions

B、interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

C、influentials have more channels to reach the public

D、most celebrities enjoy wide media attention

問題4

A、stay outside the network of social influence

B、have little contact with the source of influence

C、are influenced and then influence others

D、are influenced by the initial influential

問題5

A、The eagerness to be accepted

B、The impulse to influence others

C、The readiness to be influenced

D、The inclination to rely on others