考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（三百七十四）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內(nèi)容

1、Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a "GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational anti-avoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.1.The French Senate has passed a bill to（  ）.2. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax（  ）.3.The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that（  ）.4.It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work（  ）.5.Which of the following might be the best title for this text?

問題1

A、regulate digital services platforms

B、protect French companies' interests

C、impose a levy on tech multinationals

D、curb the influence of advertising

問題2

A、may trigger countermeasures against France

B、is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad

C、aims to ease international trade tensions

D、will prompt the tech giants to quit France

問題3

A、redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured

B、the current international tax system needs upgrading

C、tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented

D、all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights

問題4

A、is being resisted by US companies

B、needs to be readjusted immediately

C、is faced with uncertain prospects

D、needs to in involve more countries

問題5

A、France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions

B、France leads the charge on Digital Tax

C、France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals

D、France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy

2、Picture-taking is a technique which can both reflect the objective world and express the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture¬taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography’s means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs? like Harold Edgerton’s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.The two directly opposite ideals of photography differ primarily in the___.2.According to paragraph 2, the interest among photographers in each of the photography’s two ideals can be described as___3.The text states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT___4.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton to provide an example of___5.The author is primarily concerned with___

問題1

A、degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographer.

B、emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product.

C、way in which each defines the role of the photographer.

D、extent of the power that each requires of the photographer’s equipment.

問題2

A、steadily growing.

B、cyclically recurring.

C、continuously altering.

D、spontaneously occurring.

問題3

A、They can display a cropped reality.

B、They can change the viewer’s sensibilities.

C、They can depict the photographer’s temperament.

D、They can convey information.

問題4

A、the relationship between photographic originality and Technology.

B、how cameras have changed from the nineteenth century to the twentieth.

C、the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth century.

D、how a controlled ambivalence toward photography’s means can produce outstanding pictures.

問題5

A、establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography.

B、describing how photographers’ individual temperaments are reflected in their work.

C、analyzing the effects of photographic ideals on picture-taking.

D、explaining how the technical limitations affect photographers’ work.

3、For a century, urban commotion has been treated as a moral failing of individuals. Fixing it will require systemic changes to environmental noise.What are your ears hearing right now? Maybe the bustling sounds of a busy office, or your partner cooking dinner in the next room. Whatever the texture of the sonic landscape of your life may be, beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars.That might seem benign, or perhaps even endearing—the sound of the bustle of the big city. But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick. People forget that noise pollution is still pollution. And noise pollution is everywhere.Unlike many other injuries, hearing damage is irreparable. It also functions differently. People tend to assume that hearing loss is akin to turning down the volume in one’s head—that everything just sounds quieter. But it’s more complex than that. Sound at certain frequencies just vanishes—birdsong, intelligible human speech, the gentle rustling of leaves, the crispy highs of brushes on jazz cymbals. People can avoid using earbuds excessively or attending loud concerts. But people do not necessarily have the ability to avoid high levels of environmental noise—it’s in their neighborhoods, near their schools, at their workplaces. That makes noise pollution a matter of bodily autonomy.Solving the environmental-noise problem has been difficult, partly because for more than a century anti-noise advocates have fought for the right to silence rather than the right to hear.Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure. But environmental noise is just as unsafe. People living in cities are regularly exposed (against their will) to noise above 85 decibels from sources like traffic, subways, industrial activity, and airports. That’s enough to cause significant hearing loss over time. If you have an hour- long commute at such sound levels, your hearing has probably already been affected. Urban life also sustains average background noise levels of 60 decibels, which is loud enough to raise ones blood pressure and heart rate, and cause stress, loss of concentration, and loss of sleep. Sirens are a particularly extreme example of the kind of noise inflicted on people every day: They ring at a sound-pressure level of 120 decibels—a level that corresponds with the human pain threshold, according to the World Health Organization.But since the turn of the 20th century, protecting human hearing has taken a back seat to securing quiet for those with means, and punishing those without. Noise-abatement laws transformed an objective concern about environmental and health conditions into a subjective fight over aesthetic moralism.1.According to the first paragraph, urban commotion is not related to____.2.The word “din” (Line 3, Paragraph 2 and Line 2, Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to____.3.Which of the following is true of the hearing damage?4.We may infer from the sixth paragraph that____.5.What does the first sentence in the last paragraph mean?

問題1

A、personal moral breakdown

B、individual emotional state

C、city’s or town’s noise pollution

D、one’s clamorous surroundings

問題2

A、a main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

B、a room that is comfortable and secluded

C、a very loud and unpleasant noise that lasts for some time

D、a small buoy used as a marker at sea

問題3

A、It can be repaired or made better.

B、It performs the same function.

C、It makes everything sound quieter.

D、It is caused by over-exposure to noise.

問題4

A、noise exerts its hazardous influence on people in cities and towns

B、noise above 85 decibels causes significant hearing loss over time

C、noise levels of 60 decibels raise one’s blood pressure and heart rate

D、sirens at the level of 120 decibels meet with the human pain threshold

問題5

A、Protecting human hearing used to be of priority in the past.

B、Obtaining quiet environment was once the first consideration.

C、Both safeguarding hearing and securing quiet are significant.

D、Neither protecting hearing nor acquiring quiet is of importance.

4、Text 3 ①As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past., I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). ②I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. ③People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. ④They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter. ①Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. ②How do we explain this trend? ①During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. ②The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the  norm. ①But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. ②Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile. ①One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. ②“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. ③A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed). ①A toothy  grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming  look for properly bred persons.②Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever". 1、According to Paragraph 1, the author ’ s  posts  on Twitter______. 2、What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? 3、What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? 4、Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______ . 5、Which of the following questions does the text  answer?

問題1

A、changed people’s impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

問題2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

問題3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

問題4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

問題5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C、What made photography develop in the Victorian period?

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

5、The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is      1      to say it anyway. He is that       2       bird, a scientist who works independently       3       any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not       4       thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.          5      he, however, might tremble at the       6       of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only       7       that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in       8       are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.    This group generally do well in IQ test,       9       12-15 points above the       10       value of 100, and have contributed       11       to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the       12       of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,       13       . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,       14       , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been       15        to social effects, such as a strong tradition of       16       education. The latter was seen as a (an)       17       of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately       18       . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has       19       them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this       20       state of affairs.

問題1

A、selected

B、prepared

C、obliged

D、pleased

問題2

A、unique

B、particular

C、special

D、rare

問題3

A、of

B、with

C、in

D、against

問題4

A、subsequently

B、presently

C、previously

D、lately

問題5

A、Only

B、So

C、Even

D、Hence

問題6

A、thought

B、sight

C、cost

D、risk

問題7

A、advises

B、suggests

C、protests

D、objects

問題8

A、progress

B、fact

C、need

D、question

問題9

A、attaining

B、scoring

C、reaching

D、calculating

問題10

A、normal

B、common

C、mean

D、total

問題11

A、unconsciously

B、disproportionately

C、indefinitely

D、unaccountably

問題12

A、missions

B、fortunes

C、interests

D、careers

問題13

A、affirm

B、witness

C、observe

D、approve

問題14

A、moreover

B、therefore

C、however

D、meanwhile

問題15

A、given up

B、got over

C、carried on

D、put down

問題16

A、assessing

B、supervising

C、administering

D、valuing

問題17

A、development

B、origin

C、consequence

D、instrument

問題18

A、linked

B、integrated

C、woven

D、combined

問題19

A、limited

B、subjected

C、converted

D、directed

問題20

A、paradoxical

B、incompatible

C、inevitable

D、continuous