考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（三百七十二）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內(nèi)容

1、Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialized work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.1.Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly because（  ）.2. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have（  ）.3.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?4.It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms（  ）.5.Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?

問題1

A、its funding has enjoyed a steady increase

B、its marketing strategy has been successful

C、its payment for peer review is reduced

D、its content acquisition costs nothing

問題2

A、thrived mainly on university libraries

B、gone through an existential crisis

C、revived the publishing industry

D、financed researchers generously

問題3

A、Relieved.

B、Puzzled.

C、Concerned.

D、Encouraged.

問題4

A、allow publishers some room to make money

B、render publishing much easier for scientists

C、reduce the cost of publication substantially

D、free universities from financial burdens

問題5

A、Trial subscription is offered.

B、Labour triumphs over status.

C、Costs are well controlled.

D、The few feed on the many.

2、In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.    The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.    Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.    Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.    Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”1、Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to _____2、Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?3、On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?4、We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future _____5、The text intends to tell us that _____

問題1

A、illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

B、show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..

C、compare different generations of NBA players.

D、assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

問題2

A、Genetic modification.

B、Natural environment.

C、Living standards.

D、Daily exercise.

問題3

A、Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

B、Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

C、Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

D、Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

問題4

A、the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

B、the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.

C、genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

D、the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

問題5

A、the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

B、human height is becoming even more predictable.

C、Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

D、the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

3、In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.    This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.    The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.    Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.    Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.    Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.1、Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ____.2、According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ____.3、The word “indictment” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ____.4、Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? ____.5、What is the subject of the text?

問題1

A、lack of imagination.

B、poor bargaining skill.

C、obsession with high fashion.

D、insensitivity to fashion.

問題2

A、combat unnecessary waste.

B、shop for their garments more frequently.

C、resist the influence of advertisements.

D、shut out the feverish fashion world.

問題3

A、enthusiasm.

B、accusation.

C、indifference.

D、tolerance.

問題4

A、Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

B、The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

C、[People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

D、Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

問題5

A、Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

B、Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

C、Exposure of a mass-market secret.

D、Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

4、The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 20For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.    One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.    For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.    Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.    One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into a markedly different, more vibrant organization. But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.1、We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has ____.2、Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is ____.3、The author believes that the devoted concertgoers ____4、According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?5、Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels ____.

問題1

A、incurred criticism

B、raised suspicion

C、received acclaim

D、aroused curiosity

問題2

A、influential

B、modest

C、respectable

D、talented

問題3

A、ignore the expenses of live performances.

B、reject most kinds of recorded performances.

C、exaggerate the variety of live performances.

D、overestimate the value of live performances.

問題4

A、They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

B、They are easily accessible to the general public.

C、They help improve the quality of music.

D、They have only covered masterpieces.

問題5

A、doubtful

B、enthusiastic

C、confident

D、puzzled

5、Text 3 Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people. A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point. Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required  to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022. The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional. The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”. But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what? The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent. Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota. Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards. Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women. 1、The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will ____.2、Which of the following is true of the California measure?3、The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate ____.4、Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to ____.5、Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

問題1

A、help little to reduce gender bias.

B、pose a threat to the state government.

C、raise women's position in politics.

D、greatly broaden career options.

問題2

A、It has irritated private business owners.

B、It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.

C、It may go against the Constitution.

D、It will settle the prior controversies.

問題3

A、the harm from arbitrary board decision.

B、the importance of constitutional guarantees.

C、the pressure on women in global corporations.

D、the needlessness of government interventions.

問題4

A、the underestimation of elite women's role

B、the objection to female participation on boards.

C、the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.

D、the growing tension between labor and management.

問題5

A、Women’s need in employment should be considered.

B、Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.

C、Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

D、Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.