考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（三百七十）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內(nèi)容

1、As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and – since I started posting them on Twitter – they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of "Smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular "pearly whites" was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.1.According to paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter（  ）.2.What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?3.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?4.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was（  ）.5.Which of the following questions does the text answer?

問題1

A、changed people's impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

問題2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

問題3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

問題4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

問題5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs.

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs.

C、What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period.

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm.

2、balloon 

A、 n. 大使；使節(jié)

B、 adj. 模棱兩可的，含混不清的；不明確的

C、 n. 救護(hù)車

D、 n. 氣球；熱氣球；v. 膨脹，漲大；乘熱氣球飛行

3、budget 

A、 n. 律師；代理人

B、 adj. 價(jià)格低廉的；花錢少的；v. 謹(jǐn)慎花錢，把…編入預(yù)算；n. 預(yù)算

C、 n. 重要人物；平常人

D、 v. 吸引，使喜愛，引起……的好感；招引；引起（反應(yīng)）；吸引

4、Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored anti-smoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.1、According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as ____.2、Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should ____.3、In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to ____.4、Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors ____.5、The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is ____.

問題1

A、a supplement to the social cure

B、a stimulus to group dynamics

C、an obstacle to school progress

D、a cause of undesirable behaviors

問題2

A、recruit professional advertisers

B、learn from advertisers’ experience

C、stay away from commercial advertisers

D、recognize the limitations of advertisements

問題3

A、adequately probe social and biological factors

B、effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

C、illustrate the functions of state funding

D、produce a long-lasting social effect

問題4

A、is harmful to our networks of friends

B、will mislead behavioral studies

C、occurs without our realizing it

D、can produce negative health habits

問題5

A、harmful

B、desirable

C、profound

D、questionable

5、Text 3 Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people. A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point. Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required  to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022. The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional. The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”. But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what? The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent. Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota. Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards. Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women. 1、The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will ____.2、Which of the following is true of the California measure?3、The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate ____.4、Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to ____.5、Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

問題1

A、help little to reduce gender bias.

B、pose a threat to the state government.

C、raise women's position in politics.

D、greatly broaden career options.

問題2

A、It has irritated private business owners.

B、It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.

C、It may go against the Constitution.

D、It will settle the prior controversies.

問題3

A、the harm from arbitrary board decision.

B、the importance of constitutional guarantees.

C、the pressure on women in global corporations.

D、the needlessness of government interventions.

問題4

A、the underestimation of elite women's role

B、the objection to female participation on boards.

C、the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.

D、the growing tension between labor and management.

問題5

A、Women’s need in employment should be considered.

B、Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.

C、Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

D、Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.