考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練（三百六十八）

本文提供考研201英語（一）在線題庫每日一練，以下為具體內(nèi)容

1、Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference.According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.1.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills（  ）.2.Which of the following is true of the California measure?3.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate（  ）.4.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to（  ）.5.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

問題1

A、help little to reduce gender bias

B、pose a threat to the state government

C、raise women's position in politics

D、greatly broaden career options

問題2

A、It has irritated private business owners.

B、It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.

C、It may go against the Constitution.

D、It will settle the prior controversies.

問題3

A、the harm from arbitrary board decision

B、the importance of constitutional guarantees

C、the pressure on women in global corporations

D、the needlessness of government interventions

問題4

A、the underestimation of elite women's role

B、the objection to female participation on boards

C、the entry of unqualified candidates into the board

D、the growing tension between labor and management

問題5

A、Women's need in employment should be considered.

B、Feasibility should be a prime concern in policy-making.

C、Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

D、Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.

2、Text 3 Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future. Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One respondent said. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300- year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University's Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK. But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other's work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century' ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hance the "visual studies" in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa. Nature's poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery' and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.1、According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have________.2、The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that________.3、Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership________.4、What does the author say about CAVS?5、In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations________.

問題1

A、caught the attention of critics.

B、received favorable responses.

C、promoted academic publishing.

D、sparked heated public disputes.

問題2

A、art can offer audiences easy access to science.

B、science can help with the expression of emotions.

C、public participation in science has a promising future.

D、art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations.

問題3

A、their role may be underestimated.

B、their reputation may be impaired.

C、their creativity may be inhibited.

D、their work may be misguided.

問題4

A、It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.

B、It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.

C、Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.

D、Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.

問題5

A、are likely to go beyond public expectations.

B、will intensify interdisciplinary competition.

C、should do more than communicating science.

D、are becoming more popular than before.

3、On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.    In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.    Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.    However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.    Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.    The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.    Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.1、Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ____2、On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?3、It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ____4、The White House claims that its power of enforcement ____5、What can be learned from the last paragraph?

問題1

A、deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.

B、disturbed the power balance between different states.

C、overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

D、contradicted both the federal and state policies.

問題2

A、Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.

B、States’ independence from federal immigration law.

C、States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

D、Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

問題3

A、violated the Constitution.

B、undermined the states’ interests.

C、supported the federal statute.

D、stood in favor of the states.

問題4

A、outweighs that held by the states.

B、is dependent on the states’ support.

C、is established by federal statutes.

D、rarely goes against state laws.

問題5

A、Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.

B、Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

C、Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

D、The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.

4、Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored anti-smoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.1、According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as ____.2、Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should ____.3、In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to ____.4、Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors ____.5、The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is ____.

問題1

A、a supplement to the social cure

B、a stimulus to group dynamics

C、an obstacle to school progress

D、a cause of undesirable behaviors

問題2

A、recruit professional advertisers

B、learn from advertisers’ experience

C、stay away from commercial advertisers

D、recognize the limitations of advertisements

問題3

A、adequately probe social and biological factors

B、effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

C、illustrate the functions of state funding

D、produce a long-lasting social effect

問題4

A、is harmful to our networks of friends

B、will mislead behavioral studies

C、occurs without our realizing it

D、can produce negative health habits

問題5

A、harmful

B、desirable

C、profound

D、questionable

5、Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as a bodily exercise precious to health. But      1      some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does      2      short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,      3      heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to      4      , a good laugh is unlikely to have      5      benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.         6      , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the      7      . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter      8      muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.    Such bodily reaction might conceivably help      9      the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of      10      feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state.      11      one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted      12      physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry      13      they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.    Although sadness also      14      tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow      15      muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to      16      a pen either with their teeth--thereby creating an artificial smile--or with their lips, which would produce a(n)      17      expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles      18      more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,      19      that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.      20      , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

問題1

A、among

B、except

C、despite

D、like

問題2

A、reflect

B、demand

C、indicate

D、produce

問題3

A、stabilizing

B、boosting

C、impairing

D、determining

問題4

A、transmit

B、sustain

C、evaluate

D、observe

問題5

A、measurable

B、manageable

C、affordable

D、renewable

問題6

A、opposite

B、impossible

C、average

D、expected

問題7

A、hardens

B、weakens

C、tightens

D、relaxes

問題8

A、aggravate

B、generate

C、moderate

D、enhance

問題9

A、physical

B、mental

C、subconscious

D、internal

問題10

A、Except for

B、According to

C、Due to

D、As for

問題11

A、with

B、on

C、in

D、at

問題12

A、unless

B、until

C、if

D、because

問題13

A、exhausts

B、follows

C、precedes

D、suppresses

問題14

A、into

B、from

C、towards

D、beyond

問題15

A、In turn

B、In fact

C、In addition

D、In brief

問題16

A、fetch

B、bite

C、pick

D、hold

問題17

A、disappointed

B、excited

C、joyful

D、indifferent

問題18

A、adapted

B、catered

C、turned

D、reacted

問題19

A、suggesting

B、requiring

C、mentioning

D、supposing

問題20

A、Eventually

B、Consequently

C、Similarly

D、Conversely