2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語真題

2005年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題及參考答案

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,  1   this is largely because,  2  animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3  to perceiving those smells which float through the air,   4   the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact,   5   , we are extremely sensitive to smells,   6   we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of   7   human smells even when these are  8   to far below one part in one million.

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,   9   others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate   10   smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send   11  to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell  12   can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13  to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it  14  to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can  15  new receptors if necessary. This may   16   explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not  17  of the usual smell of our own house, but we   18   new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors   19   for unfamiliar and emergency signals   20   the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

1.[A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while

2.[A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides

3.[A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined

4.[A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking

5.[A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore

6.[A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if

7.[A]distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting

8.[A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused

9.[A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas

10.[A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical

11.[A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses

12.[A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times

13.[A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed

14.[A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient

15.[A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create

16.[A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless

17.[A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired

18.[A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice

19.[A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable

20.[A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.

[A] posing a contrast [B] justifying an assumption

[C] making a comparison [D] explaining a phenomenon

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament [D] more generous than their male companions

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers [B] can be taught to exchange things

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated [D] are unhappy when separated from others

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

Text 2

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.

[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death

[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant

[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life

[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.

[A] a protector [B] a judge [C] a critic [D] a guide

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?

[A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth.

[C] Prudent planning hinders progress. [D] Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?

[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. [B] Raise public awareness of conservation.

[C] Press for further scientific research. [D] Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ______.

[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former

[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse

Text 3

Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.

[A] can be modified in their courses [B] are susceptible to emotional changes

[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.

[A] its function in our dreams [B] the mechanism of REM sleep

[C] the relation of dreams to emotions [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex

33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.

[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind [B] develop into happy dreams

[C] persist till the time we fall asleep [D] show up in dreams early at night

34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.

[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams

[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control

[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression

[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious

35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

[A] Lead your life as usual. [B] Seek professional help.

[C] Exercise conscious control. [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

Text 4

Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.

[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms

[B] is but all too natural in language development

[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture

[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s

37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.

[A] modesty [B] personality

[C] liveliness [D] informality

38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?

[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.

[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.

[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.

[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.

39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.

[A] interest in their language [B] appreciation of their efforts

[C] admiration for their memory [D] contempt for their old-fashionedness

40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.

[A] “temporary” is to “permanent” [B] “radical” is to “conservative”

[C] “functional” is to “artistic” [D] “humble” is to “noble”

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.

They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

(41) ____________

What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

(42) _____________

But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body.

Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.

Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.

(43) _____________

A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.

A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costskeep rising fast.

(44) _____________

Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”

(45) _____________

So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.

[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!

[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”

[C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others toinclude it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice—that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for thecreation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, “United we stand, divided we fall”—and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.

Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

今年的考研是新考研大綱要求的第一年，語段填空和小作文被首次列為考試項目，而且難度比較大，尤其選材和題型將決定以后的命題趨勢。今年試題的難度是偏難的，尤其是閱讀的A，B兩個部分，完型的難度應該是緊隨其后。今年的試題有以下幾個特點：

一、考察學生對篇章上下文的一致性的考察，注重對文章的段落之間的聯(lián)系。

二、文章以對比和類比性的修辭手法為主，比較強調邏輯思維能力的考察，是高層次的考研閱讀考察。

三、選項在原文的位置具有隱蔽性，幾乎85%的選項的考察都不能對應段落的某個句子，需要通過字里行間的推理和分析。

四、閱讀A、B部分的選項的干擾性特別大，選項的內容文章都出現(xiàn)，但要選擇最佳的和最符合原文的答案，沒有一個選項和文章完全相同。

五、作文更加考察學生的詞語和句型的多樣性，大作文的字數(shù)要求比去年要少。大作文是批判性的風格，要求分析原因和解決問題。

完型填空

完型填空這道題主體是對比性的文章，今年的完型填空題比較強調對文章開始部分的把握，以及邏輯關系的確認。本文是一篇科技方面的文章，主要內容是我們一般對人類鼻子的等值度有誤解，科學的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實我們人類的鼻子比我們所理解到的敏感度更強，本文首句是文章的主題，它的意思是“人們對鼻子的嗅覺作用低估了”。請注意英語行文的邏輯，這是一個大眾觀點，作者可能標新立異，即否定大眾觀點。第一段對比的是大眾的觀點和作者的觀點，主體說的是我們一般人是直立行走的，就沒有辦法感覺到靠近地面的氣味，篇章的第二個自然段主要談論的是時間長了以后，他們仍然可以感知到這個味道，篇章第三個自然段，也就是說我們的大腦不是不安排我們的鼻子去聞所有的味道。

第一題考察的是邏輯題，選項應該是B，選B答案的unlike，表示因果關系;人們一般在“A”和“C”之間徘徊，體現(xiàn)的是一種對比關系，應該選“B”選項“unlike”;

第二題是對比，應該選B選項;

第三題接下來第三句話對第二句話的意思進行說明，指出“人的鼻子局限于某些嗅覺——飄浮于空中的嗅覺”，那么第三空選“A”“l(fā)imited”比較合適。干擾性大的有的選項是D。我們人是直立的，自然界存在的味道，我們對它的感知是有限的;

第四題可能出在兩個之間，就是人不是不去感知，而是因為直立把許多味道錯過了，我們應該選擇C;由前一句話可知，“人的鼻子主要捕捉空中漂浮的嗅覺，而對于黏附于物體表面的嗅覺就可能忽略”，這樣“C”選項“missing”為正確答案;

第五題盡管我們沒有感知到很多地面的氣味，如果我們感知的話還是可以感知到的，所以應該選擇B;這里對文章開始的大眾觀點進行了轉折，注意提示詞“In fact”，正確答案“B”“though”，表示了這種轉折關系，為正確答案。如果選“C”或“D”，那么就與“In fact”無法搭配;

第六題選的是A，假設關系;是完型填空當中?？嫉囊环N關系——讓步關系，意思是“即使我們一般不會意識到某些嗅覺，但我們仍然對這些東西感覺靈敏”。符合這一要求的只有“A”“even if”;

第七題選的是D，一個假設性的，鼻子用來干嗎的?是用來感知的，我們選擇D;要求選一個跟嗅覺能搭配的動詞，那么，“D”選項“detecting”是對的;

第八題，就它的意思是“即使這些嗅覺的濃度沖淡到原來的百萬分之一，人們仍然能夠捕捉到這些嗅覺”是A;詞匯的辨認。如果能夠知道“A”選項“diluted”表示“沖淡”的意思，就能選到這個正確答案;

第九題選擇的是D，要填的東西必須表達這種對比。很明顯，“D”選項“whereas”是正確答案。表示對比關系;

第十題選B，“B”選項“particular”是正確答案，其他選項放到原文都不符合邏輯，我們鼻子對某些類別的味道很敏感;

十一題是一致性的題，考察和上次說的我們鼻子的感知信號是一致的，注意句子中間表示并列關系的連詞“and”。前半句說“這些接收器能夠感覺到嗅覺”，因此“C”選項“messages”是正確答案;

十二題是根據(jù)句子中間的意思，“剛開始對某種嗅覺不靈敏的人能夠靈敏起來”，這表示嗅覺靈敏度變化的一個過程，而第十二個空涉及的是第一個過程，所以應該是“A”選項“at first”。

十三題是接觸到某種氣味，常見搭配“exposed to”(接觸)。因此，“D”選項“exposed to”為正確答案;

十四題，我們的大腦不是把所有的器官調用的，由該句半部分可以看出：大腦在捕捉嗅覺時是作出了選擇的，一方面捕捉必不可少的嗅覺，另一方面又關閉一些嗅覺接收器，這樣使嗅覺接收達到最有效的程度。所以選“C”選項“inefficient”;

十五題，答案應該選擇B，這個題估計出錯的考生是最頭疼的;

十六題是邏輯題，這里指上述提高嗅覺接收有效率的原理，也能解釋另外一種現(xiàn)象：每個人對于自己的嗅覺不太敏感?！癮lso”是正確答案，選擇B選項;

十七題選擇C;一個搭配：“be aware of”(意識到)，因此正確答案是“C”“aware”。應該是十七題謂語動詞的同義詞，也就是“意識到”、“注意到”的意思，那么“D”選項“notice”為正確答案;

十八題也是一個替換，鼻子要去感知，我們用D;

十九題估計出錯的考生很多，我們選A，考固定搭配“available for”(可用于)，那么“A”選項“available”為正確答案;

二十題在這個空的前面提到“不熟悉的和緊急的信號”，后面提到“對煙霧的嗅覺”，所以，“B”選項為正確答案“such as”。

閱讀理解

閱讀理解部分，《經濟學家》(The Economist)今年仍然是一個重頭戲。如第一篇文章和第四篇文章均選自《經濟學家》雜志，而第三篇雜志講全球變暖的，這個雜志在去年也選過文章，就是《新聞周刊》(Newsweek)。今年的閱讀的特點是：第一，主打的是邏輯，對比或者類比性的邏輯居多，每篇幾乎都涉及到這樣的觀點。第二，注意考察學生區(qū)分人物和作者觀點的能力。第三，題干部分設置的干擾選項比較多，錯誤答案非常接近原文。第四，答案的隱蔽性很強，考察段落之間的關系。

第一篇文章

第一篇文章是講猴子有一種天然的公平意識，文章本身難度不是太大，一開始做了一個類比，講人的公平意識。這篇對比性的文章兩個方面要理解，第一：人類和猴子之間都有一種近似的表現(xiàn)，當受到不公正待遇的時候，都有義憤填膺的感覺，如果把握這個邏輯，就是類比的邏輯。第二：最后兩段關于選擇實驗的對象以及實驗的結果。

21題，我們應該選擇C，考察第一段的寫作手法，明顯用的是猴和人之間的相似形的比較關系。22題答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做類比，指出猴子與人一樣都抱怨不公平，23題答案選A，這個是事實細節(jié)題，答案是根據(jù)文章第三段第一句話得到的，雌性的猴子被選擇做研究，是因為她們更加注重她們獲得的東西。24題答案選擇C，他們最終的發(fā)現(xiàn)是什么，篇章最后兩段反復重復，如果沒有受到公平的話。25題選擇B。這篇文章第一段和最后一段都出現(xiàn)一個詞，“假設”為什么猴和人都有這種心理反應，這個問題沒有得以解決。

第二篇文章

第二篇文章是一篇一般的時事性文章，這也是一篇類比，考完了以后很多考生說這篇文章講抽煙，其實不是的，作者講抽煙是想說明現(xiàn)在的溫室效應，也是一種類比，許多人抽煙沒有人去管，因為缺乏足夠的證據(jù)，咱們各國政府也不管溫室效應，也是同樣的原因。中心講的是世界各個政府對溫室效應的解決的態(tài)度，篇章的關鍵詞圍繞這樣三個問題展開，第一個就是證據(jù)不充足。第二是科學的意義。第三是制定法律，尤其最后三段大量出現(xiàn)立法和法規(guī)的現(xiàn)象。

26題選A，說有些支持抽煙的人是他們的論調，篇章中反復說沒有充足的證據(jù)這層意思。27應該選D，科學應該作為一個指導性，答案是根據(jù)文章第2段的最后兩句話得出的。28題是猜單詞題，單詞所在的句子的意思是有些人總要科學證據(jù)，結果抹殺了行動。所以選A。29答案選擇D，采取某種法律措施，法律在最后的段落重復的最多。30題作者談的抽煙的教訓對我們溫室處理也是一樣的，選B。

第三篇文章

第三篇文章中心主干是這樣的，第一段開始就確立了話題，確立了作者的態(tài)度、觀點和論點以后，整篇文章都是圍繞第一段展開的，第三篇文章講的是一個心理學方面夢的問題，文章開篇就說夢的原理以及夢是可以控制的，然后講夢與情感的關系，結尾再次強調夢是可以控制的。文章有三個關鍵詞，第一個關鍵詞是夢，第二個是睡眠，第三個詞是控制，還有一個是情感意識。

第31題研究者們好像認為夢，這完全從篇章的開頭和結尾都強調重復說明夢是可以控制的，選A。32題作者提到夢和情感之間是有關系的，情感是段落的重點，選C。33題，這里有一個在白天有消極的情感出現(xiàn)的時候，在夢里是有的，所以我們選D。34題他詢問作者的觀點，整篇文章透露的就是我們的夢是可以控制的，這是文章的核心意思，而且該題有may這樣的委婉情態(tài)動詞，以前就強調一定正確，選項是原文的替換，意思是夢是不完全是潛意識的范圍，選D。35題答案選A，問如果有噩夢出現(xiàn)怎么辦，像以前一樣過，是在最后一段談到的。

第四篇文章

第四篇文章的專業(yè)性比較強，講美國人由于隨意性，所以英語的語言也變得相當隨意的主旨，對很多對語言學不敏感的同學是很難的，因為專業(yè)性太強。這篇文章總體同樣屬于一個對比性的文章，關鍵詞圍繞正式用語和非正式用語這里面的變化。開篇是在說什么導致英語的衰敗，不是那么正式了。中間的部分是在講語言的變化是不可阻擋的。結尾繼續(xù)講俄國人對本國語言的最終是值得我們贊賞的。

36題答案是B。作者認為是不可避免在語言的發(fā)展中，而A是講教育改革不可避免。37題，原文反復出現(xiàn)的是語音的正式性和非正式性，所以這個題選D。38題問的是人物的觀點，所以要區(qū)分作者的觀點，美國人語言衰敗指的并不是邏輯思維也是衰敗的，所以選擇A。39題作者提到俄國人喜歡背詩，作者在文章是贊賞的語氣，稱贊他們努力維護本國的語言。40題，這個題也是一個類比題，他說咱們經常紙碟和瓷器之間的關聯(lián)，紙盒子不漂亮可以盛飯，瓷器在大餐聚會時被使用，講究美食性。所以答案選C，是一種功能性和美食性的關聯(lián)性和關系性。

閱讀的完型填段

今年的七選五題型比大綱上的題偏難一些，做這種題要注意三點：第一，這種題更多是一致性和連貫性的思維，整篇文章應該和第一自然段保持一致和連貫，所添的語段的一致性既要保持上下文的話題一致，也就是滿足上文重復率較高的詞在下文的空格中的答案必須滿足。連貫性指的是要滿足結構的完整，上下文銜接很自然。第二，大綱樣題出題形式很多，有句題、句尾題、句首題、段落題，而今年的考題通篇選段，全部是段落題。第三，既然是非等額的選項，也就是必然有兩上選項是干擾項，干擾項在結構上非常像正確答案，而且與正確答案的判別是很小的，所以在做每個空時，可能受到干擾項的干擾，一定要注意哪個更加接近原文的意思。關于選項還有一點，這種題目做題的時候，會存在著非常明顯的連帶規(guī)律。也就是說，前一個題目屬于做錯了，都會影響后面的題目。每道題目之間都有一種無形的聯(lián)系，每做錯一道題就會減少后面一個題做對可能性的概率。

文章的大致意思是加拿大各個省的省長在七月份的年會的時候，他們還有一點力氣去抱怨抱怨關于如何減輕現(xiàn)在的健康保健計劃的成本，接下來他們又說到，他們對高漲的健康預算怨聲載道，所以文章主題非常的清楚。健康福利費支出太高，藥價太高是其中非常重要的一個方面，所以我們這篇文章的主題應該是藥價太高究竟該怎么解決?如果考生能夠做到以下四個要點，至少我想在排除干擾的時候就很容易了，比如第一個就是省份，第二個是抱怨這個詞，第三個是健康保健醫(yī)療藥品，第四個是成本。

文章的脈絡非常清楚，先提出問題：藥價太高，再提出解決辦法：建立全國代理機構，再接著談到建立一個全國代理機構會遇到很多麻煩，一個阻力來自于藥廠，以及如何解決這個問題;還有一個阻力來自于這些省本身以及如何解決問題，最后文章引用兩個希賽網的論述，再次強調建立這樣一個全國性機構的重要性。

41題可以根據(jù)連貫性選E，41題上面一段講的中心是藥品價錢，我們分析了這七個選項以后發(fā)覺，選項E在歸納句子，和上面的也有連貫性，哪一個選項當中包含了藥價這個概念呢?只有一個選項“E”，“E”選項說根據(jù)某某機構的觀點，自從1997年以來，處方藥價格增長速率是全國健康福利支出增長速度的2倍。這種增長一部分是因為藥品代替了某些治療手段，一部分是因為新藥品的價格總是比老藥品價格高。那么這個選項說的就是這樣一個事實，所以41空選“E”。

42題如果只要上下一加就很明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)，42句上下出現(xiàn)最多的就是這個詞，空后文字非常典型，提到“But”national “doesn't have to mean that。很明顯這是一個轉折，表明42空所填的選項，要和這一句話形成轉折關系，而且42空里面要出現(xiàn)“national”的定義，就是說很有可能要出現(xiàn)“national”這個詞。哪一個選項里面包含這個詞呢?“C”選項?！癈”選項提到，national是什么意思。

43題在上一段所講的是要對藥品進行一種控制，空前文字舉例說明全國性代理機構的好處，舉了魁北克的例子，選項應該圍繞著這個問題來選，正確答案選“G”，很好的保持了文章的一致性，“G”選項說“當然藥廠不會同意，他們喜歡散客買家，那樣他們可以暗中運作，他們甚至可能會威脅著要把一個省的工作機會轉移到另一個省，但是，處于利益的驅使，他們又不得不這樣做?！?3空所以選“G”。

44題有兩個選擇可以選進去的，我們可以根據(jù)這篇文章總體的情感來判斷，前面一段直接講的就是人們對于整體藥品的價格，以及的機構都是抱怨的態(tài)度，空前有兩段文字，第一段最后提到魁北克拒絕加入全國性代理機構。而第二段提到有很多省的政府官員對于這種全國性代理機構持懷疑態(tài)度，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這里仍然推行全國性代理機構的設想所遇到的阻力，接下來當然會談到怎么處理這個阻力?“F”選項，非常明確的說明了“所以如果某些省想完成健康福利的任務，他們就必須有完成這個任務的能力，他們還必須節(jié)約管理費用，防止一個省和另一個省之間的斗爭，而且還要盡量爭取更好的藥價。”所以A和F相比，F(xiàn)要更符合這篇文章情感的一致性，所以選F，這個空很多同學填的都是“A”，“A”選項說：“魁北克抵制含有性代理機構，是這個省自己的意識形態(tài)問題”。

45題上面出現(xiàn)了一個“人們怎么樣說”最后一段也講了，他們聚在首都，不斷談論這個事情， 45題應該是B，有些人也在用另外一篇報道進行一種抱怨。空前文字提到，也許這些官員們應該讀一讀Roy Romanow關于藥品的論述，當然這個空應該接著談，還可以讀一讀前面文章提到的另外一個人Micael Kirby的關于藥品的論述，這兩個人在前面的文章里面都是同時被提到的，而且他們都提倡說建立一個這樣全國性機構非常不錯，所以45空選“B”。

翻譯部分

這次講的是傳媒中非常傳統(tǒng)的話題“電視”。所以，整個翻譯這一塊基本上可以直接翻譯劃線的句子，基本上能夠傳達翻譯所需要傳達的全部信息，對上下文的依賴并不是像從前的考題那么強。當然，要把整個句子翻得非常的通順，還是需要下一番工夫的。

這一次的翻譯五個句子，除了最后一個題，其他的四個句子都是復雜句，就是主句里面套從句。句子結構的復雜，不亞于往年。我剛才講，似乎容易一些，那是因為題材是大家所熟悉的。

Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent

被動語態(tài)的翻譯，技巧就是通常把英文的被動語態(tài)翻譯成中文的主動語態(tài)，這在翻譯的技巧里面叫語態(tài)轉換翻譯。這樣的話，我們把它通順一下就可以翻成這樣“電視是制造和傳播這種情緒的媒介之一(手段之一、方式之一)”，都是正確答案。

下面的就是倒裝句，把一個否定的詞兒放在句子前面，形成一個倒裝。這句話的翻譯一定要注意，要把整個的句子看懂，進行詞性、語序的轉換。你不能上來就說“從來也沒有”，這樣翻譯不下去。所以，把這題的“從來也沒有如此大的作用”放在句子的末尾處。所以，這也是翻譯的一個轉換技巧。

譯文：在加強不同的民族和之間的聯(lián)系方面，電視也許還從來沒有像在最近的歐洲事件中那樣起過如此大的作用。

In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another.

Increasingly successful就是“越來越成功了”，相信大家都可以翻譯出來。前面的話幾乎可以照直翻譯，“在歐洲就像在其他地方一樣多媒體集團越來越成功了”。當然根據(jù)中文的表達可以把句子加以轉換，他說“歐洲和在其他地方一樣”，最好翻譯成“和其他地方一樣，歐洲的多媒體集團越來越成熟”。下面半句話有一個定語從句離主干的句子比較遠，在句子的末處，但是翻譯的時候必須要提前。

翻譯：這些集團把相互關系密切的電視臺、電臺、報紙、雜志、出版社組合到了一起。

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

代詞要依賴一下上下文講的是什么?代詞的后面有一個副詞“alone”，這個“alone”是一個重點，“alone”這個的翻譯應該是“僅此一點”的意思，“僅這一點就表明在電視行業(yè)里生存不那么容易”。這句話要注意什么呢?切忌不要翻譯成“電視行業(yè)生存不那么容易”，要翻譯成“在電視行業(yè)里生存是不那么容易的”。

還有一個稍微難一點的結構，下面一個“underlined”，考了它一個特殊的意義，這是“強調”或“凸顯”的意思。

翻譯：“僅這一點就表明在電視待業(yè)里生存不那么容易，這個事實通過統(tǒng)計數(shù)字也是一目了然，統(tǒng)計表明在80家歐洲電視網中1989年出現(xiàn)虧損的不下50%”。

In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, “United we stand, divided we fall”.

這個句子是這樣說的，“在應付一個如此規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)過程中，我們可以毫不夸張地說，團結，我們就會站起來;分裂，我們就會倒下去?！?/p>

寫作

小作文

兩個月前，你得到了一份工作，擔任設計與時尚雜志的編輯。但是現(xiàn)在你發(fā)現(xiàn)工作并不是你想象當中那么如意，所以你決定辭職。寫一封信給你的老板王先生，告訴他你的決定，說明你的理由，表示你的歉意。那么這封信，實際上就是一封辭職信。辭職信，嚴格意義來說，也就是道歉信的一種。

首先要注意應用文的格式并準確理解提綱的要求。另外應該在這幾個方面注意：第一，這篇應用文中要避免寫的太空洞，言之無物，當談辭職時要交代清楚背景，不能只說我不辭職，要談談辭職的準備時間、原因，你不能說我不適合這個工作，應該再具體一點，比如舉一個例子，比如我不適應這個公司的工作強度、報酬方式等等。第二，你要注意辭職的語氣，你是下級，對方是上級，下級對上級在語氣和口味中一定要客氣一點。第三，安排好你的邏輯，先說辭職的過程，再談辭職的原因，最后談你希望你能順利此致，并對未來有展望。

Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the editor for the magazine Design fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decision to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr Wang.

Telling him your decision stating your reason(s) and make an apology

小作文范文：

Dear Mr. Wang,

I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. A few factors are given to prove my decision and makes me feel intolerable first of all, the salary in reality is much lower than you have promised and you can see it is difficult for me to support such a big family with such a low salary. What is more, the office politics are so complex that I feel so uneasy because human relationship seems to be more important than your achievement. Most importantly, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, it is so inconvenient for me the commute for such a long distance and long hours.

I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

大作文：

一般寫三個段落，開頭先描述圖畫，點名象征含義，第二個段子要分析這種現(xiàn)象產生的原因以及未來發(fā)展的趨勢，第三個段落要談如何解決這個問題，并展望美好的未來。今年大作文應該在以下四個方面贏得判卷人的好感。第一，圖畫作文是以小見大，要發(fā)覺圖畫的象征含義，我們考生可以回顧一下，中間是一個很像足球的，破舊不堪的，上方是兒子，守門員，右上方是二兒子，右下方是三兒子，左上方是一個女兒，穿得很時髦的，我們大事點講的是對老人的不孝敬，推脫贍養(yǎng)老人的義務，也可以從正面說對老人應該關懷。第二，注意在寫現(xiàn)象的原因時，要注意邏輯層次和論證的嚴謹，可以談孝敬老人是中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德，還可以談父母對我們的養(yǎng)育之恩。第三，中間部分突出贍養(yǎng)老人的重要性的時候，可以采取對比修辭，關愛老人才會生活幸福，才能更好的關愛自己的社會;拋棄老人的子女連親生父母都不要，怎么可以對社會有貢獻呢?第四：在最后的部分可以談解決方案，一般是提高人的孝敬老人的覺悟，還有制訂法律法規(guī)來保護老人的權利。第五，這篇文章你總體的情感形式是一種批評態(tài)度的，何以批評呢，除了用否定句，除了用貶義詞之外，還有其他的手段。

大作文范文：

As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, three sons and a daughter treat their old, helpless father very badly and violently. The striking feature is that they each stand in a different corner of a football field and the eldest son kicks out the father, who huddles up into a ball. Surprisingly, the children all wear fashionable clothes which indicates that they are rich enough but they still intend to ward him off. The phenomenon that old people are abandoned caused our concerns and should be brought into focus.

Simple as the picture shows, yet the symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given into enough consideration. Recently, many grown-ups have who have the ability to support their parents and live a comfortable life Often neglected and abandoned their parents even though their parents live in great poverty and suffer great illnesses. As we can see, their parents must be hurt not only physically but also mentally and no longer have an enjoyable life and feel so isolated and humiliated. I think these children have betrayed their own conscience and see the gloomy future of their own if they will be treated the same way by their own children.

We should respect the old people and support them both physically and mentally. In the first place, being kind to old people is the Chinese virtue. In the second place, owe so much to our parents in that they not only gave us life but have done much in bringing us up. In order to solve the problem, efforts should be made to make old people under the responsibility of the young people. On the one hand, we should strengthen the people awareness that old people deserve to be better cared. On the other hand, it is demanding for us to strengthen the enforcement of laws to protect the old people' legal rights.