2006年考研英語真題及答案詳解完整版

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)

The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.

5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is__8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.

Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills needed to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19__it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.”

1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore

2.[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain

3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward

4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep

5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not

6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ

7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that

8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending

9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers

10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss

11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only

12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house

13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering

14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas

15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance

16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up

17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating

18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus

19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes

20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination

文章中心：完型填空的命題理論規(guī)定，文章的中心思想一般體現(xiàn)在文章首段的首句;有時首段首句其他段落的首句共同表達(dá)文章中心思想。因此，在選擇具體題目答案前，把握文章中心對于理解文章語句，把握邏輯關(guān)系，確定語意銜接提供了足夠的信息依據(jù)。

文章首段主題句敘述到The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.無家可歸者在美國人口中占越來越大的比例。

本文的中心思想為 美國無家可歸者的問題。

本文的中心思想為 美國無家可歸者的問題。

本文的中心思想為 美國無家可歸者的問題。

題目解析：

The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 .

1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore

2.[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain

1. 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇邏輯關(guān)系詞，前后兩句的邏輯關(guān)系決定答案。句子敘述到The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. ____, homelessness has reached such proportions that…?！盁o家可歸者在美國人口中占越來越大的比例?！瓱o家可歸者所占的比例已經(jīng)達(dá)到如此地步，以至于…?！?/p>

選項A. indeed一般表示強調(diào);

B. likewise 表示與前者相似;選項

C. therefore因此，強調(diào)結(jié)果;選項

D. furthermore進(jìn)一步說，表示遞進(jìn)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，根據(jù)前一句“make up a growing percentage”與后一句“reach such proportion that”確定后者是對前者的例證強調(diào)。因此，正確答案為A。

2. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)謂語。句子敘述到homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly _____. “無家可歸者所占的比例已經(jīng)達(dá)到地方政府都無法…的地步?！?/p>

選項A. stand 忍受;

B. cope vi. 處理，忍受;

C. approve 贊成，批準(zhǔn);

D. retain 保留。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中“such proportion that local government can’t …”提供信息確定選擇“忍受，承受”之意。選項A. stand 忍受，作為及物動詞在句子中要直接連接賓語，但是句子中沒有賓語，因此該詞不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu);選項B. cope 處理，忍受，作為不及物動詞，在句子中表達(dá)完整的含義;選項C. approve贊成，批準(zhǔn)，“批準(zhǔn)”的應(yīng)該是文件，句子中提到的是無家可歸者的數(shù)量問題，不能與“批準(zhǔn)”連用;D. retain 保留，顯然與“無家可歸者的數(shù)量”不能構(gòu)成合理的主謂關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為B。

To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.

3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward

4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep

3.詞匯辨析題，本題目選擇介詞，選擇介詞與句子中的動詞有直接關(guān)系。句子敘述到To help homeless people ____ independence, the federal government must support job training programs,…. “為幫助無家可歸者…獨立，聯(lián)邦政府必須提供就業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目…?！?/p>

選項A. in 構(gòu)成help sb. in doing 幫助某人做某事;

B. for 構(gòu)成help sb. for 為…而幫助某人;

C. with 構(gòu)成help sb. with sth. 幫助…做事;

D. toward 構(gòu)成help sb. toward 幫助…向某個方向發(fā)展。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中“help homeless people___ independence” 提供信息確定選擇“幫助…向某個方向發(fā)展”之意。因此，正確答案為D。

4. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞，所在句子的主語、賓語提供信息決定答案。句子敘述到the federal government must support job training programs, _____ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. “聯(lián)邦政府必須提供就業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目,…最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，資助更多低收入家庭?！?/p>

選項A. raise增加，提高;

B. add加;

C. take 拿來;

D. keep保留。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中“___the minimum wage”與前面的短語“support job training program提供就業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目”和后面的短語“fund more low-cost housing 資助更多低收入家庭”是并列關(guān)系，是政府為無家可歸者提供的服務(wù)。由此提供信息確定選擇“提高”之意。選項A. raise增加，提高，“提高最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，符合句子含義;選項B. add加，該詞指數(shù)量的增加，不符合句子含義;選項C. take 拿來，該詞不能與“最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”連用;選項D. keep保留，“保留最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，雖然這個短語意義完整，但是不能與前后的政府幫助無家可歸者的舉動構(gòu)成并列。因此，正確答案為A。

5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless.

5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not

5. 語意辨析題 本題目選擇副詞，在句子中限定范圍。句子敘述到_____everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. “…每個人同意美國無家可歸者的數(shù)量?！?/p>

選項A. generally 一般來說;

B. almost 幾乎;選項

C. hardly 幾乎不…(常用倒裝);

D. not 置于句首表示部分否定，譯為“并不是…”。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于本題包含反義選項，而上文又沒有提示，因此應(yīng)先把下一句中的第6、7兩題做出，本題的答案才會迎刃而解。第6題所在的語境句意為“人們對此的估計數(shù)字從六十萬到三百萬不等”。而第7題又說“盡管這一數(shù)字可能不同，分析家們卻在另外一件事情上的確達(dá)成了一致意見”。因此，本題答案應(yīng)選D. Not，本句意思為“關(guān)于美國無家可歸者的數(shù)量，眾說不一”。

Estimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is__8__.

6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ

7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that

8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending

6. 詞匯辨析題 句子中的主語、賓語以及介詞決定所選擇的動詞。句子敘述到Estimates ____ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. “估計數(shù)字…60萬到3百萬之間?！?/p>

選項A. cover覆蓋、包括;

B. change改變、變化;

C. range在某范圍中變化;

D. differ不同。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)， 句子中要選擇動詞與 “from 600,000 to 3 million”構(gòu)成搭配，句子提供信息確定選擇“在…范圍”之意。選項A. cover覆蓋、包括，不能與 “from…to…”構(gòu)成搭配;選項B. change改變、變化，該詞所指的變化是無規(guī)律的變化，當(dāng)然就不涉及在范圍內(nèi)變化的含義;選項C. range在某范圍中變化，符合語句含義;選項D. differ不同，一般組成 “differ from…”短語，譯為“與…不同”，不符合句子含義。因此，正確答案為C。

7. 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇邏輯關(guān)系詞，前后兩句的邏輯關(guān)系決定答案。____ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter:… “…(人們估計的)數(shù)字不同，分析家們對另一個問題的意見還是完全一致的?！?/p>

選項A. Now that既然;

B. Although雖然…但是;

C. Provided 假設(shè);

D. Except 除去。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本題所在的語境句中，前文中的may vary與后文中的do agree互為反義，確定二者為轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為B，句子譯為“雖然(人們估計的)數(shù)字不同，分析家們對另一個問題的意見還是完全一致的”。

8. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，句子中的主語提供信息決定答案。Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is______. “雖然(人們估計的)數(shù)字不同，分析家們對另一個問題的意見還是完全一致的：無家可歸者的人數(shù)正在…?！?/p>

選項A. inflating 膨脹;

B. expanding發(fā)展、擴張;

C. increasing增加;

D. extending擴充、擴大。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中“the number of homeless is___” 提供信息確定選擇“增加，膨脹”之意。選項A. inflating 膨脹，超過既定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(尤指通貨膨脹);選項B. expanding發(fā)展、擴張，體積增大;選項C. increasing增加，指數(shù)量增加;選項D. extending擴充、擴大，指形狀變化、拉伸。因此，正確答案為C。語境句意為“無家可歸者的數(shù)量一直在增加”。

One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.

9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers

9. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞，句子中的主語、賓語提供信息決定答案。句子敘述到One of the federal government’s studies ____ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. “聯(lián)邦政府的一項研究…無家可歸者的數(shù)量在近十年內(nèi)將會達(dá)到大約1900萬?！边x擇動詞，主語和賓語提供信息確定答案。

選項A. predicts預(yù)測、預(yù)計;

B. displays展示;

C. proves證明;

D. discovers發(fā)現(xiàn)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中“that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. 無家可歸者的數(shù)量在近十年內(nèi)將會達(dá)到大約1900萬?！?“近十年會達(dá)到1900萬”表達(dá)未來的狀況，確定選擇“預(yù)測”之意。因此，正確答案為A。

Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street.

10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss

11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only

12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house

13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering

10. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞，句子中的賓語提供信息決定答案。句子敘述到Finding ways to ____ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. “想辦法…這些日益增加的無家可歸者這一任務(wù)變得非常困難.”

選項A. assist幫助;

B. track追蹤;

C. sustain承受、支持、供養(yǎng);

D. dismiss解散。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn), 本文前兩段提出無家可歸者的問題并略加分析，本段開始解決方法的探討。句子提供信息確定選擇“幫助”之意。選項A. assist幫助，“想辦法幫助這些日益增加的無家可歸者這一任務(wù)變得非常困難”，符合句子含義，符合文章中心;選項B. track追蹤，，“想辦法追蹤這些日益增加的無家可歸者這一任務(wù)變得非常困難”，不符合句子含義;選項C. sustain承受、支持、供養(yǎng)，“想辦法支持這些日益增加的無家可歸者這一任務(wù)變得非常困難”，符合句子含義，但是與上文的內(nèi)容“政府提供相關(guān)計劃幫助無家可歸者”卻沒有聯(lián)系;選項D. dismiss解散，，“想辦法幫助這些日益增加的無家可歸者這一任務(wù)變得非常困難”，符合句子含義，但是與上文的內(nèi)容“政府提供相關(guān)計劃幫助無家可歸者”卻沒有聯(lián)系。因此，正確答案為A。

11. 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇邏輯關(guān)系詞，體現(xiàn)前后兩句的邏輯關(guān)系。句子敘述到___when homeless people individuals manage to find a ___that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day ___ the street. “…當(dāng)無家可歸者找到…能提供一日三餐，晚上能睡覺，還是有很多人每天大部分時間…街頭。”

選項A. Hence 因此;

B. But 但是;

C. Even即使;

D. Only 僅僅。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，前、后句子之間體現(xiàn)出讓步關(guān)系。選項A. Hence 因此，表示因果關(guān)系，與本句邏輯關(guān)系不符;選項B. But 但是，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，與本句邏輯關(guān)系不符;選項C. Even即使，表示讓步關(guān)系，與本句邏輯關(guān)系相符，句子譯為“當(dāng)無家可歸者找到地方能提供一日三餐，晚上能睡覺，還是有很多人每天大部分時間流浪街頭”;選項D. Only 僅僅，表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，與本句邏輯關(guān)系不符。因此，正確答案為C。

12. 詞匯/語法結(jié)構(gòu)辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，同時這個名詞由定語從句來修飾。句子敘述到even when homeless people individuals manage to find a ___that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, “即使無家可歸者最終能夠找到一個…，可以給他們提供一日三餐和夜里睡覺的地方”。

選項A. lodging寄宿處;

B. shelter庇護(hù)所、避難所;

C. dwelling住處;

D. house房屋。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，定語從句“that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night 能夠提供一日三餐和晚上睡覺的場所”確定選擇“庇護(hù)所或避難所”之意。選項A. lodging寄宿處，因為無家可歸者人數(shù)眾多，找到寄宿的地方不合常理;選項B. shelter庇護(hù)所、避難所，符合句子含義;C. dwelling住處，指正常的居住場所，顯然與無家可歸者的景況不符;D. house房屋，顯然無家可歸者找到正規(guī)的居家之房屋不符合常理。因此，正確答案為B。

13. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，在句子中充當(dāng)賓語補足語。句子敘述到a good number still spend the bulk of each day__ _ the street. “很多人仍然每天大部分時間…街頭。”

選項A. searching搜尋;

B. strolling漫步、閑逛;

C. crowing擁擠;

D. wandering游蕩、徘徊、流浪。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，無家可歸者是流浪街頭的。選項A. searching 搜尋，不符合句子含義;選項B. strolling 漫步、閑逛，指悠閑自在的走，顯然不符合句子含義;選項C. crowing 擁擠，該詞是不及物動詞，不能直接連用名詞;選項D. wandering 流浪，符合句子含義。因此，正確答案為D。

Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills needed to turn their lives __16__.

14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas

15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance

16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up

14. C 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇連詞，體現(xiàn)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。句子敘述到Many others,___ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday ___skills needed to turn their lives ___. “其他許多人，…既不吸毒，也沒有精神障礙，他們卻缺乏使自己生活變…的日常…技巧”選項A. when 當(dāng)…時候;

B. once一旦;

C. while表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，意為“盡管”;

D. whereas表示對比關(guān)系。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中“即不吸毒也不飲酒”與“缺乏日常技巧”構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為C。

15. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，句子中的賓語名詞決定所選擇的定語(名詞)。句子敘述到simply lack the everyday ___skills needed to turn their lives ___. “就是缺乏讓自己生活變…的…技巧”。

選項A. life生活、生命;

B. existence存在;

C. survival生存、存活;

D. maintenance維護(hù)、堅持、生活費用。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，“everyday日常的”提供信息確定是一種生活、生存技巧。尤其是過去分詞短語“needed to turn their lives ___.”確定選擇“生存”之意。選項A. life skills 生活技巧，指生活中的一些常識或者竅門等，與句子含義不符;選項B. existence skill存在技巧，沒有該短語搭配;選項C. survival skill 生存技巧，符合句子含義;選項D. maintenance skills 維護(hù)技巧，與句子含義不符。因此，正確答案為C。

16. 固定搭配題 本題目選擇與turn構(gòu)成的短語。句子敘述到to turn their lives ___. “使生活變….” 不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里表達(dá)“出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)機”之意。選項A. around ,turn around(使)逆轉(zhuǎn)、(使)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)機;選項B. over ,turn over仔細(xì)考慮、移交;選項C. on ,turn on打開開關(guān);選項D. up ,turn up調(diào)大、開大、出現(xiàn)。因此，正確答案為A。

Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless.

17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating

17. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇形容詞，在句子中充當(dāng)定語，被修飾的名詞決定所選擇的定語。Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only there are ___programs that address the many needs of the homeless. “波斯頓環(huán)球日報記者克里斯雷迪認(rèn)為只有通過…規(guī)劃才能解決這些無家可歸者的各種需求，這種局面才有可能得到改善?！?/p>

選項A. complex復(fù)雜的;

B. comprehensive綜合的、的;

C. complementary補充的、互補的;

D. compensating補償?shù)摹?/p>

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中空格后面定語從句中的many一詞;由于要滿足無家可歸者的許多要求(many needs of the homeless)，所以這份計劃應(yīng)該是考慮周全、無所不包的。選項A. complex復(fù)雜的，“復(fù)雜的計劃”與“解決這些無家可歸者的各種需求”沒有直接聯(lián)系;選項B. comprehensive綜合的、的，“的計劃”與“解決這些無家可歸者的各種需求”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，符合句子含義;選項C. complementary補充的、互補的，，“互補的的計劃”，句子中只提到一種計劃，何談“互補”;選項D. compensating補償?shù)?，，“補償?shù)挠媱潯迸c“解決這些無家可歸者的各種需求”沒有直接聯(lián)系。因此，正確答案為B。

__18__ Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19__it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.”

18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus

19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes

20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination

18. 邏輯關(guān)系題 本題目選擇邏輯關(guān)系詞，前后兩句的邏輯關(guān)系決定答案。句子敘述到_____Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, ____it, “There has to be _____of programs. What we need is a package deal. 像馬塞諸塞州本特里學(xué)院社區(qū)服務(wù)部主任Edward Zlotkowski所…的：“各種項目必須…運行，我們需要的是一攬子計劃”。

選項A. So 因此(因果關(guān)系，強調(diào)結(jié)果);

B. Since既然(因果關(guān)系);

C. As 正如(引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，與前文表示層進(jìn)關(guān)系);

D. Thus 因而(因果關(guān)系)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，前面句子敘述到Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless. “波斯頓環(huán)球日報記者克里斯雷迪認(rèn)為只有通過的規(guī)劃才能解決這些無家可歸者的各種需求，這種局面才有可能得到改善。”本句敘述到“像馬塞諸塞州本特里學(xué)院社區(qū)服務(wù)部主任Edward Zlotkowski所說的…我們需要的是一攬子計劃”。顯然二者為層進(jìn)關(guān)系，強調(diào)遞進(jìn)。因此，正確答案為C。

19. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇動詞，在句子中充當(dāng)謂語動詞。句子中的主語和賓語決定所選擇的動詞。句子敘述到Edward Blotkowsk___ it,“There has to be ___of programs. What we need is a package deal.” 提供信息確定選擇“表達(dá)，說明”之意。選項A. puts口語中和正式場合宣講是表示“說”;選項B. interprets口譯，解釋;選項C. assumes認(rèn)為;選項D. makes 制造。因此，正確答案為A。

20. 詞匯辨析題 本題目選擇名詞，句子中的所有格關(guān)系決定所選名詞。句子敘述到There has to be ___of programs. What we need is a package deal. “各種項目必須…運行，我們需要的是一攬子計劃?！?/p>

選項A. supervision 監(jiān)督、管理;

B. manipulation 操作、處理;

C. regulation 管理、調(diào)整;

D. coordination協(xié)調(diào)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子中“一攬子計劃”提供的信息確定選擇“協(xié)調(diào)”之意。選項A. supervision監(jiān)督、管理，與句子含義不符;選項B. manipulation操作、處理，與句子含義不符;選項C. regulation管理、調(diào)整，與句子含義不符;選項D. coordination協(xié)調(diào)。綜合前文中的comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless(應(yīng)對無家可歸者多方面需求的綜合性計劃)和后文中的a package deal(一攬子交易)，不難選出與此意接近的coordination。因此，正確答案為D。

全文翻譯無家可歸者在美國所占的比例越來越大。而且，無家可歸者所占的比例已經(jīng)大到地方政府都無法應(yīng)對的地步。為了幫助無家可歸者走向獨立，聯(lián)邦政府必須支持就業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目，提高最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和資助修建更多的廉價住房。

對于美國到底有多少無家可歸者，大家的意見并不一致，估計是在60萬到3000萬之間。盡管人們估計的數(shù)字可能各不相同，分析家們對另外一個問題的意見卻是一致的：無家可歸者的人數(shù)正在增長。聯(lián)邦政府的一項研究預(yù)測，在目前這個十年結(jié)束之前，無家可歸者的數(shù)量將接近1900萬。

想辦法幫助這些越來越多的無家可歸者的任務(wù)變得越來越艱巨。即使無家可歸者找到了避難所，能提供一日三餐，晚上能睡覺，還是會有很多人每天大部分時間流落街頭。部分問題在于許多無家可歸的成年人都是酒鬼或者是癮君子，而且相當(dāng)多的無家可歸者都有嚴(yán)重的精神病。還有許多人雖然不酗酒吸毒，精神也正常，但就是缺乏讓自己生活好轉(zhuǎn)的基本能力。《波士頓環(huán)球日報》記者克里斯雷迪認(rèn)為只有通過規(guī)劃來解決這些無家可歸者的各種需求，此局面才有可能得到改善。用馬薩諸塞州本特里學(xué)院社區(qū)服務(wù)部主任艾德華澤洛特科瓦斯基的話來說就是：“各種規(guī)劃必須協(xié)調(diào)運作，我們需要的是一攬子計劃”。

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage.

The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.

Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.

A. identifying B. associating

C. assimilating D. monopolizing

22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century_____.

A. played a role in the spread of popular culture.

B. became intimate shops for common consumers.

C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.

D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.

23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. _____.

A. are resistant to homogenization.

B. exert a great influence on American culture.

C. are hardly a threat to the common culture.

D. constitute the majority of the population.

24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?

A. To prove their popularity around the world.

B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.

C. To give examples of successful immigrants.

D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.

25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is_____.

A. rewarding B. successful

C. fruitless D. harmful

文章解析：

根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，文章首段主題句是In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. 盡管人們對社會差異性有沒完沒了的爭議，美國仍然是一步神奇的同化國民的機器。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. 移民很快適應(yīng)了這一共同文化，雖然這種文化可能不會引人向上，但也不會毒害人們。

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” 1990年的人口普查表明“絕大多數(shù)移民在美國居住10年后英語說得好或很好，他們來自15個最常移民的。”

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” 在外國出生的亞洲人和西班牙人比土生土長的美國白人和黑人的通婚比例高。

第五段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks. Rodriguez注意到，世界各地住在偏遠(yuǎn)村莊的孩子是諸如阿諾德施瓦辛格和加思布魯克斯這類超級巨星的影迷。

第六段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? 美國存在分裂問題和騷動嗎?

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著美國的移民問題來展開。

題目解析：

21.識詞題The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.

選項A. identifying識別、認(rèn)為……等同于、確定;

B. associating 使聯(lián)合、使發(fā)生聯(lián)系;

C. assimilating 使同化、吸收;

D. monopolizing 獨占、壟斷。

該題將識別的短語“homogenizing”在文章中定位到第一段首句In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. 作為識詞題，按照“方位論原則”：在識別詞匯后面找表示“解釋說明，邏輯關(guān)系”的表達(dá)，或者向前面找平行結(jié)構(gòu)。在詞匯前面出現(xiàn)?！癐n spite of “endless talk of difference,””，表達(dá)的是in spite of引起的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。因此，homogenizing應(yīng)與前文中的difference構(gòu)成反義，只有C. assimilating “同化”符合題意。因此答案為C。

22.細(xì)節(jié)題According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century_____.

選項A. played a role in the spread of popular culture.

在大眾文化傳播方面發(fā)揮作用。

B. became intimate shops for common consumers.

成為普通消費者的私人商店。

C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.

滿足有知識的精英們的需求。

D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.

商店的出現(xiàn)是消費文化出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。

該題利用定位詞“the department stores of the 19th century”定位到文章第一段People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. “人們?nèi)谌肓?9世紀(jì)百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的“消費文化”，這些百貨商店有幽雅的環(huán)境，提供各式各樣的商品”?？梢?，the culture of consumption是由這些百貨商店發(fā)起的。選項A. played a role in the spread of popular culture.在大眾文化傳播方面發(fā)揮作用，與相關(guān)信息句動作“融入了19世紀(jì)百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的消費文化”直接關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. became intimate shops for common consumers.成為普通消費者的私人商店，與相關(guān)信息句動作“融入了19世紀(jì)百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的消費文化，這些百貨商店有幽雅的環(huán)境，提供各式各樣的商品”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.滿足有知識的精英們的需求，與相關(guān)信息句動作“融入了19世紀(jì)百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的消費文化，這些百貨商店有幽雅的環(huán)境，提供各式各樣的商品”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.商店的出現(xiàn)是消費文化出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果，與相關(guān)信息句動作“融入了19世紀(jì)百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的消費文化，這些百貨商店有幽雅的環(huán)境，提供各式各樣的商品”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為A. played a role in the spread of popular culture在大眾文化傳播方面發(fā)揮作用。

23.細(xì)節(jié)題The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. _____.

選項A. are resistant to homogenization. 拒絕均質(zhì)化。

B. exert a great influence on American culture.對美國文化施加重大影響。

C. are hardly a threat to the common culture. 對公共文化幾乎沒有威脅。

D. constitute the majority of the population. 占美國絕大多數(shù)人口。

該題利用定位詞“immigrants”定位到文章第二段Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.“移民很快適應(yīng)了這一共同文化，雖然這種文化可能不會引人向上，但也不會毒害人們。” 選項A. are resistant to homogenization. 拒絕均質(zhì)化，與相關(guān)信息句動作“很快適應(yīng)了這一共同文化，雖然這種文化可能不會引人向上，但也不會毒害人們”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. exert a great influence on American culture.對美國文化施加重大影響，與相關(guān)信息句動作“很快適應(yīng)了這一共同文化，雖然這種文化可能不會引人向上，但也不會毒害人們”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項 C. are hardly a threat to the common culture. 對公共文化幾乎沒有威脅，與相關(guān)信息句動作“很快適應(yīng)了這一共同文化，雖然這種文化可能不會引人向上，但也不會毒害人們”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“對公共文化幾乎威脅”對應(yīng)于“不會毒害人們”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項 D. constitute the majority of the population. 占美國絕大多數(shù)人口，與相關(guān)信息句動作“很快適應(yīng)了這一共同文化，雖然這種文化可能不會引人向上，但也不會毒害人們”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。 因此，正確答案為C. are hardly a threat to the common culture對公共文化幾乎沒有威脅。

24.結(jié)構(gòu)題Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?

選項A. To prove their popularity around the world.

證明他們在世界的受歡迎程度。

B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.

表明人們對移民的恐懼。

C. To give examples of successful immigrants.

給成功移民舉例子。

D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.

表明美國文化的巨大影響力。

該題將例子“Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks”定位到文章第五段Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)題方位論原則，找例子對應(yīng)的論點句。因此，例子后面相鄰的句子yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”“但是一些美國人擔(dān)心住在美國的一些移民卻不知為何沒有受到該國同化作用的影響?！笔钦擖c。選項A. To prove their popularity around the world. 證明他們在世界的受歡迎程度，與相關(guān)信息句動作“擔(dān)心住在美國的一些移民卻不知為何沒有受到該國同化作用的影響”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項 B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.表明人們對移民的恐懼，與相關(guān)信息句動作“擔(dān)心住在美國的一些移民卻不知為何沒有受到該國同化作用的影響”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. To give examples of successful immigrants.給成功移民舉例子，與相關(guān)信息句動作“擔(dān)心住在美國的一些移民卻不知為何沒有受到該國同化作用的影響”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.表明美國文化的巨大影響力，與相關(guān)信息句動作“擔(dān)心住在美國的一些移民卻不知為何沒有受到該國同化作用的影響”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“擔(dān)心為何沒有受到該國同化作用的影響”對應(yīng)于“表明美國文化的巨大影響”，體現(xiàn) “同意替換”的關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為D. To show the powerful influence of American culture表明美國文化的巨大影響力。

25.主旨題 In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is_____.

選項A. rewarding 有益的 B. successful 成功的

C. fruitless 未果的 D. harmful 有害的

該題作為主旨題反映作者觀點態(tài)度的題目，根據(jù)“方位論原則”：作者的觀點體現(xiàn)在文章尾段的主題句或倒數(shù)第二段體現(xiàn)“I”的句子中。題目定位到文章尾段主題句But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.“但是，當(dāng)審視美國過去的騷動時，當(dāng)今的美國社會各項指標(biāo)不能表明社會環(huán)境變得腐敗黑暗”，體現(xiàn)作者的態(tài)度是美國社會當(dāng)前的現(xiàn)狀還好。因此，正確答案為B. successful 成功的。

全文翻譯盡管人們對于美國社會的差異性有沒完沒了的爭議，美國還是一部神奇的同化國民的機器。美國社會呈現(xiàn)出“服飾和話語趨于平民化、一致化，自在隨意和尊重缺失”通俗文化的特點。人們?nèi)谌肓?9世紀(jì)百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的“消費文化”。與那些迎合知識精英的優(yōu)雅舒適的商店不同，這些百貨商店有優(yōu)雅的環(huán)境，提供各式各樣的商品，不論階層和背景如何，任何人都可以進(jìn)入。從而使得購物成為一種公眾的、民主的行為。而均質(zhì)化的其他推動力還包括大眾傳媒、廣告和體育。

移民很快適應(yīng)了這一共同文化，雖然這種文化可能不會引人向上，但也不會毒害人們。Gregory Rodriguez為《移民論 壇》撰寫文章，他在報道中指出，如今移民既沒有創(chuàng)新高，也不拒絕被同化，1998年移民占美國人口總數(shù)的9.8%，而1990年移民人口所占比例是13.6%?，F(xiàn)在要考慮一下同化的三個指數(shù)：語言，住房所有權(quán)和通婚。

1990年的人口普查表明“絕大多數(shù)移民在美國居住10年后英語說得得好或很好，他們來自15個最常移民的。”而這些移民的孩子往往會說雙語，精通英語。“到了第三代，大多數(shù)移民家庭都不會說他們的本國語了?！币蚨绹幻枋鰹檎Z言的墓地。到1996年，那些在外國出生，于1970年前移民美國的人擁有的房屋的比例達(dá)到75.6%，高于土生土長的美國人的房屋擁有比例，后者為69.8%。

在外國出生的亞洲人和西班牙人比土生土長的美國白人和黑人通婚比例高。到了第三代，三分之一的西班牙裔女性嫁給非西班牙裔男士，而41%的亞裔美國女性嫁給非亞裔人士。

Rogriguez注意到，世界各地住在偏遠(yuǎn)村莊中的孩子是諸如阿諾德?斯瓦辛格和加思?布魯克斯這類超級巨星的影迷。但是一些美國人擔(dān)心住在美國的一些移民卻不知為何沒有受到該過同化作用的影響。

美國存在分裂問題和騷動嗎?沒錯。大了，就會什么東西都會有點兒。但是，當(dāng)審視美國騷動的過去時，今天的各項社會指標(biāo)還不能表明社會環(huán)境變得腐敗黑暗。

Text 2

Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry---William Shakespeare---but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.

The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus---and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side---don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)-lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that_____.

A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue.

B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.

C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.

D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism.

27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_____.

A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.

B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.

C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.

D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.

28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that_____.

A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.

B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.

C. the town is not really short of money.

D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.

29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because_____.

A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.

B. the company is financially ill-managed.

C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.

D. the theatre attendance is on the rise.

30. From the text we can conclude that the author_____.

A. is supportive of both sides.

B. favors the townsfolk’s view.

C. takes a detached attitude.

D. is sympathetic to the RSC.

文章解析：根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. 正如我們所知的那樣，Stratford-on-Avon只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是威廉莎士比亞。但是在那兒有兩個完全獨立，敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu)。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. Stratford-on-Avon可敬的居民懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. 但是，?？磻虻娜嗽诳磻蛲瑫r的確會觀光一些地方。

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. 但該鎮(zhèn)居民卻不認(rèn)可這種觀點，地方議政廳并不直接給皇家莎士比亞公司撥款。

第五段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. 無論怎樣，該鎮(zhèn)居民不能理解皇家莎士比亞公司為什么需要撥款。

第六段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. 將票價大幅度提高很可惜，因為這會將那些對Stratford最值得擁有的年輕客戶趕跑。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著埃文河盤的斯特拉特福鎮(zhèn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)---威廉.莎士比亞：皇家莎士比亞公司和該鎮(zhèn)居民之間的問題來展開。

題目解析：

26.推斷題 From the first two paragraphs, we learn that_____.

選項A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue.

居民們否定皇家莎士比亞公司對該鎮(zhèn)的稅收做出貢獻(xiàn)。

B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.

皇家莎士比亞公司的演員們臺上臺下都模仿莎士比亞。

C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.

皇家莎士比亞公司的兩個分支機構(gòu)相處不夠融洽。

D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism.

居民在旅游業(yè)中收益很少。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的前兩個段落的主題句。根據(jù)“主題句---細(xì)節(jié)句原則”，第一段段落中間句沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，段落首句Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.“正如我們所知的那樣，Stratford-on-Avon只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是威廉莎士比亞。但是在那兒有兩個完全獨立，敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu)?！?和第二段段首句The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.“Stratford-on-Avon可敬的居民懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收?！?選項A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue.居民們否定皇家莎士比亞公司對該鎮(zhèn)的稅收做出貢獻(xiàn)，與相關(guān)信息句動作“只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是威廉莎士比亞;但是在那兒有兩個完全獨立，敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu);居民懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“否定皇家莎士比亞公司對該鎮(zhèn)的稅收做出貢獻(xiàn)”對應(yīng)于“懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收”，體現(xiàn)同意替換關(guān)系;選項B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.皇家莎士比亞公司的演員們臺上臺下都模仿莎士比亞，與相關(guān)信息句動作“只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是威廉莎士比亞;但是在那兒有兩個完全獨立，敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu);居民懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.皇家莎士比亞公司的兩個分支機構(gòu)相處不夠融洽，與相關(guān)信息句動作“Stratford-on-Avon只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是威廉莎士比亞;但是在那兒有兩個完全獨立，敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu);居民懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收”似乎有關(guān)聯(lián)，但是選項中的“the two branches of the RSC皇家莎士比亞公司的兩個分支機構(gòu)”與相關(guān)信息句中的“Stratford-on-Avon有兩個完全獨立，敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu)”相悖，這種命題陷阱稱為“瞞天過海”;選項D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism.居民在旅游業(yè)中收益很少，與相關(guān)信息句動作“只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是威廉莎士比亞;但是在那兒有兩個完全獨立，敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu);居民懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。綜上所述，可以確定答案為A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue.居民們否定皇家莎士比亞公司對該鎮(zhèn)的稅收做出貢獻(xiàn)。

27. 推斷題It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_____.

選項A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.

觀光者不能單獨參觀Castle和the Palace。

B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.

看戲的人比觀光客花錢要多。

C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.

觀光者比看戲的人購物多。

D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.

看戲的人除了去劇院之外不會去任何其他地方。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的第三段的主題句。根據(jù)“主題句---細(xì)節(jié)句原則”，第三段The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus-and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side-don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. 從段中的主題句The playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing 可以看出，D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater. 看戲的人除了去劇院之外不會去任何其他地方，不符合題意。[A]和[C]兩項內(nèi)容并未在本段提及。本段倒數(shù)第二句It is the playgoers, …pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants明確地揭示了正確答案為B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers. 看戲的人比觀光客花錢要多。

28. 識詞題By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that_____.

選項A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.

Stratford承擔(dān)不起擴建計劃。

B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.

Stratford長期以來一直陷入財務(wù)困難。

C. the town is not really short of money.

該鎮(zhèn)并不是真的資金短缺。

D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.

該鎮(zhèn)居民過去收入很低。

該題將識別的短語“Stratford cries poor traditionally”在文章中定位到第四段The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. 作為識詞題，按照“方位論原則”：在識別詞匯后面找表示“解釋說明，邏輯關(guān)系”的表達(dá)，或者向前面找平行結(jié)構(gòu)。在詞匯后面出現(xiàn)“Nevertheless”，表達(dá)的是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此相關(guān)信息句為Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.但是該鎮(zhèn)的每一家賓館似乎都在加添一個側(cè)廳或雞尾酒大廳。希爾頓正在那兒建自己的飯店，可想而知那里會有一個哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧，班柯宴會廳等等，價格將十分昂貴。從中不難看出，Stratford并非真的陷入財政困難。選項A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects. Stratford承擔(dān)不起擴建計劃，與相關(guān)信息句動作“加添一個側(cè)廳或雞尾酒大廳。希爾頓正在那兒建自己的飯店，會有一個哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧，班柯宴會廳等等，價格將十分昂貴”完全相悖;選項B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties. Stratford長期以來一直陷入財務(wù)困難，與相關(guān)信息句動作“加添一個側(cè)廳或雞尾酒大廳。希爾頓正在那兒建自己的飯店，會有一個哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧，班柯宴會廳等等，價格將十分昂貴”完全相悖;選項C. the town is not really short of money.該鎮(zhèn)并不是真的資金短缺，與相關(guān)信息句動作“加添一個側(cè)廳或雞尾酒大廳。希爾頓正在那兒建自己的飯店，會有一個哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧，班柯宴會廳等等，價格將十分昂貴”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.該鎮(zhèn)居民過去收入很低，與相關(guān)信息句動作“加添一個側(cè)廳或雞尾酒大廳。希爾頓正在那兒建自己的飯店，會有一個哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧，班柯宴會廳等等，價格將十分昂貴”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為C。

29.細(xì)節(jié)題According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because_____.

選項A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.

可以提高票價來彌補支出。

B. the company is financially ill-managed.

公司財政管理混亂。

C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.

演員的行為不被社會所接受。

D. the theatre attendance is on the rise.

看戲的人數(shù)量在增加。

該題利用定位詞“RSC”和“subsidy”定位到文章第五段Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the RSC needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) “無論怎樣，該鎮(zhèn)居民不能理解皇家莎士比亞公司為什么需要撥款。(該劇院已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年打破上座記錄。去年，該劇院1431個座位的全年上座率為94%，今年將更高。)” 選項A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending. 可以提高票價來彌補支出，與相關(guān)信息句動作“不能理解皇家莎士比亞公司為什么需要撥款(該劇院已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年打破上座記錄)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. the company is financially ill-managed. 公司財政管理混亂，與相關(guān)信息句動作“不能理解皇家莎士比亞公司為什么需要撥款(該劇院已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年打破上座記錄)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.演員的行為不被社會所接受，與相關(guān)信息句動作“不能理解皇家莎士比亞公司為什么需要撥款(該劇院已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年打破上座記錄)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. the theatre attendance is on the rise. 看戲的人數(shù)量在增加，與相關(guān)信息句動作“不能理解皇家莎士比亞公司為什么需要撥款(該劇院已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年打破上座記錄)”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系。 因此，正確答案為D. the theatre attendance is on the rise. 看戲的人數(shù)量在增加。

30.推斷題From the text we can conclude that the author_____.

選項A. is supportive of both sides. 支持雙方。

B. favors the townsfolk’s view. 支持居民的觀點。

C. takes a detached attitude. 漠不關(guān)心。

D. is sympathetic to the RSC. 對RSC感到同情。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的第六段的主題句。根據(jù)“主題句---細(xì)節(jié)句原則”，第六段 It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)-lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. 段落中間沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，因此段落的主題句為段首句It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. “將票價大幅度提高很可惜，因為這會將那些對Stratford最值得擁有的年輕客戶趕跑?！眘hame一詞體現(xiàn)了作者的感情色彩。因此，正確答案為D. is sympathetic to the RSC. 對RSC感到同情。

全文翻譯正如我們所知的那樣，埃文河畔的斯特拉特福只有一個產(chǎn)業(yè)，那就是威廉?莎士比亞，但是那兒有兩個完全獨立的、敵意漸濃的分支機構(gòu)。一個是皇家莎士比亞公司，它在該鎮(zhèn)莎士比亞紀(jì)念劇院上演莎翁最好的戲劇作品。另一個是該鎮(zhèn)居民，他們在很大程度上靠從來這兒的游客那兒賺錢為生，這些游客來這兒不是為了看戲劇，而是為了看ANNE Hathaway的小屋，莎翁的出生地和其他景點。

斯特拉特福鎮(zhèn)可敬的居民懷疑劇院是否給他們帶來任何稅收。他們坦然承認(rèn)自己不喜歡RSC公司的演員，那些人留著長發(fā)，蓄著胡須，穿著便鞋，吵吵鬧鬧。想一想他們賴以為生的莎士比亞本人也是位演員(留著胡須)，也制造噪音，就具有絕妙的諷刺意味。

游客并未完全分流。乘公交車而來的觀光者通常會參觀離這兒不遠(yuǎn)的沃里克城堡(Warwick Castle)和布倫海姆宮(Blenheim Palace)。他們通常不會去看戲，一些人在斯特拉特福看到劇院甚至?xí)械襟@異。但是，?？磻虻娜嗽诳磻蛲瑫r的確會觀光一些地方?；始疑勘葋喒巨q稱，正是那些看戲的人為城鎮(zhèn)帶來大部分稅收，這是因為他們在該鎮(zhèn)過夜(有些人會呆四五個晚上)，在賓館和餐廳消費。觀光客在夜幕降臨之前就能看完所有景點，離開城鎮(zhèn)。

但該鎮(zhèn)居民卻不認(rèn)可這種觀點，地方議政廳并不直接給皇家莎士比亞公司撥款。斯特拉特福一直在哭窮，但是該鎮(zhèn)的每家賓館似乎都在加添一個側(cè)廳或雞尾酒大廳。希爾頓正在那兒建自己的飯店，可想而知那里會有一個哈姆雷特漢堡酒吧、里爾休息廳、班柯宴會廳等等，價格將十分昂貴。

不管怎樣，該鎮(zhèn)居民不能理解皇家莎士比亞公司為什么需要撥款。(該劇院已經(jīng)連續(xù)三年打破了上座率記錄。去年該劇院1431個座位的全年上座率達(dá)到94%，今年將更高。)當(dāng)然，原因是成本增加，而票價卻很低。

將票價大幅提高很可惜，因為這會將那些對斯特拉特福最值得擁有的年輕客戶趕跑。他們來這兒純粹是為了看戲，而不是觀光。他們看起來很相似(盡管他們來自世界各地)，臉都瘦瘦的，尖尖的，一臉熱誠，穿著仔褲和便鞋，吃圓面包，晚上睡在劇院外面的石板上，在上午10點半售票口開放時買20張座位票和80張專對這些人出售的站席票。

Text 3

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.

Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.

Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that_____.

A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.

B. small species survived as large animals disappeared.

C. large sea animals may face the same threat today.

D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

32. We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that_____.

A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.

B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.

C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.

D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.

33.By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that_____.

A. fishing technology has improved rapidly.

B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded.

C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.

D. the data collected so far are out of date.

34. Dr Myers and other researchers hold that_____.

A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.

B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass

C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.

D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations

35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ _____.

A. management efficiency

B. biomass level

C. catch-size limits

D. technological application.

文章解析：根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. 現(xiàn)在，類似現(xiàn)象(大型的生長緩慢的動物比較容易獵取，由于被捕獵而迅速滅絕)可能正在海洋中發(fā)生。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. 人類發(fā)現(xiàn)魚類過度捕撈已經(jīng)有些年了。

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. Worm博士聲稱這些數(shù)字比較保守。

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. Myers博士和Worm博士指出，他們的工作確定了一個正確的基準(zhǔn)，未來的海洋管理必須將其考慮在內(nèi)。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著海洋大型生物滅絕的問題來展開。

題目解析：

31. 結(jié)構(gòu)題The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that_____.

選項A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.

大型海洋動物面對環(huán)境變化很脆弱。

B. small species survived as large animals disappeared.

由于大型動物消失所以小型動物存活下來。

C. large sea animals may face the same threat today.

大型海洋動物可能面對相同的威脅。

D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

生長慢的魚類生存時間比生長快的長。

該題將例子“The extinction of large prehistoric animal”定位到文章第一段When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.” 例子從段落首句開始到倒數(shù)第二句結(jié)束。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)題方位論原則，找例子對應(yīng)的論點句。因此，例子后面相鄰的句子Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. “現(xiàn)在類似現(xiàn)象(大型動物滅絕)可能正在海洋中發(fā)生?！笔钦擖c。選項A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.大型海洋動物面對環(huán)境變化很脆弱，與相關(guān)信息句動作“現(xiàn)在類似現(xiàn)象(大型動物滅絕)可能正在海洋中發(fā)生”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. small species survived as large animals disappeared.由于大型動物消失所以小型動物存活下來，與相關(guān)信息句動作“現(xiàn)在類似現(xiàn)象(大型動物滅絕)可能正在海洋中發(fā)生”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. large sea animals may face the same threat today.大型海洋動物可能面對相同的威脅，與相關(guān)信息句動作“現(xiàn)在類似現(xiàn)象(大型動物滅絕)可能正在海洋中發(fā)生”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“大型海洋動物面對相同的威脅”對應(yīng)于“類似現(xiàn)象可能正在海洋中發(fā)生”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones.生長慢的魚類生存時間比生長快的長，與相關(guān)信息句動作““現(xiàn)在類似現(xiàn)象(大型動物滅絕)可能正在海洋中發(fā)生”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，正確答案為C. large sea animals may face the same threat today. 大型海洋動物可能面對相同的威脅。

32. 細(xì)節(jié)題We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that_____.

選項A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.

有些老漁場大型動物的存活量已經(jīng)減少了90%。

B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.

現(xiàn)在漁場的數(shù)量是15年前的一半

C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.

新漁場中的捕魚量只占雨總量的20%。

D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.

新的漁場中大型食肉類的數(shù)量比舊漁場下降的快。

該題利用定位詞“Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper”粗略定位到文章第二段What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.利用“paper”準(zhǔn)確定位到段落的句子According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.“根據(jù)他們最近發(fā)表在《自然》中的論文，一個新的漁場中大型食肉魚類的數(shù)量在開始開發(fā)海洋資源的15年間平均下降了80%，在一些舊的漁場，這15年來，大型食肉魚類的數(shù)量在此基礎(chǔ)上又減少了一半。”因此，正確答案為A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%. 有些老漁場大型動物的存活量已經(jīng)減少了90%。

33.識詞題By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that_____.

選項A. fishing technology has improved rapidly.

捕魚技術(shù)發(fā)展很迅速。

B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded.

實際上捕魚量比記錄的要少。

C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.

海洋生物群遭受了嚴(yán)重的損失。

D. the data collected so far are out of date.

目前收集的數(shù)據(jù)過時了。

該題將識別的短語“these figures are conservative”在文章中定位到第三段Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. 作為識詞題，按照“方位論原則”：在識別詞匯后面找表示“解釋說明，邏輯關(guān)系”的表達(dá)，或者向前面找平行結(jié)構(gòu)。在詞匯后面出現(xiàn)“That means”，表示解釋說明關(guān)系相關(guān)信息句為That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. “這意味著更多的海洋生物被捕獲，因此現(xiàn)在和過去的漁業(yè)情況的真實差距可能比記錄下來的捕獲量的變化還要大?！?選項A. fishing technology has improved rapidly. 捕魚技術(shù)發(fā)展很迅速，與相關(guān)信息句動作“意味著更多的海洋生物被捕獲，因此現(xiàn)在和過去的漁業(yè)情況的真實差距可能比記錄下來的捕獲量的變化還要大”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded. 實際上捕魚量比記錄的要少，與相關(guān)信息句動作“意味著更多的海洋生物被捕獲，因此現(xiàn)在和過去的漁業(yè)情況的真實差距可能比記錄下來的捕獲量的變化還要大”恰恰相反;選項C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.海洋生物群遭受了嚴(yán)重的損失，與相關(guān)信息句動作“意味著更多的海洋生物被捕獲，因此現(xiàn)在和過去的漁業(yè)情況的真實差距可能比記錄下來的捕獲量的變化還要大”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. the data collected so far are out of date.目前收集的數(shù)據(jù)過時了，與相關(guān)信息句動作“意味著更多的海洋生物被捕獲，因此現(xiàn)在和過去的漁業(yè)情況的真實差距可能比記錄下來的捕獲量的變化還要大”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“目前收集的數(shù)據(jù)過時了”對應(yīng)于“現(xiàn)在和過去的漁業(yè)情況的真實差距可能比記錄下來的捕獲量的變化還要大”。因此，答案應(yīng)選D. the data collected so far are out of date. 目前收集的數(shù)據(jù)過時了。

34. 細(xì)節(jié)題Dr Myers and other researchers hold that_____.

選項A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.

人們應(yīng)該尋找一個能適用較長時間的基準(zhǔn)。

B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass.

漁場應(yīng)該將捕魚量控制在存活量的50%以下。

C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.

海洋生物群落應(yīng)該恢復(fù)到原來的水平。

D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.

人們應(yīng)該調(diào)整捕魚的基準(zhǔn)以適應(yīng)時時變化的條件。

該題利用定位詞“Dr Myers and other researchers”定位到文章第四段Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. “Myers博士和Worm博士指出，他們的工作確定了一個正確的基準(zhǔn)，未來的海洋管理必須將其考慮在內(nèi)。” 選項A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.人們應(yīng)該尋找一個能適用較長時間的基準(zhǔn)，與文中定位語句的動作“確定了一個正確的基準(zhǔn)，未來的海洋管理必須將其考慮在內(nèi)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass.漁場應(yīng)該將捕魚量控制在存活量的50%以下，與文中定位語句的動作“確定了一個正確的基準(zhǔn)，未來的海洋管理必須將其考慮在內(nèi)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.海洋生物群落應(yīng)該恢復(fù)到原來的水平，與文中定位語句的動作“確定了一個正確的基準(zhǔn)，未來的海洋管理必須將其考慮在內(nèi)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.人們應(yīng)該調(diào)整捕魚的基準(zhǔn)以適應(yīng)時時變化的條件，與文中定位語句的動作“確定了一個正確的基準(zhǔn)，未來的海洋管理必須將其考慮在內(nèi)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。可見，定位詞定位的語句不能確定正確的答案。作為細(xì)節(jié)題，要向下一句一句逐一與選項比較，知道最終確定答案。后面語句敘述到 They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". “他們相信這些數(shù)據(jù)能夠支持目前海洋生物學(xué)家認(rèn)可的觀點：改變基準(zhǔn)?！?選項A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.人們應(yīng)該尋找一個能適用較長時間的基準(zhǔn)，與相關(guān)信息句動作“相信這些數(shù)據(jù)能夠支持目前海洋生物學(xué)家認(rèn)可的觀點：改變基準(zhǔn)”沒有直接關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass.漁場應(yīng)該將捕魚量控制在存活量的50%以下，與相關(guān)信息句動作“相信這些數(shù)據(jù)能夠支持目前海洋生物學(xué)家認(rèn)可的觀點：改變基準(zhǔn)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.海洋生物群落應(yīng)該恢復(fù)到原來的水平，與相關(guān)信息句動作“相信這些數(shù)據(jù)能夠支持目前海洋生物學(xué)家認(rèn)可的觀點：改變基準(zhǔn)”沒有直接關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.人們應(yīng)該調(diào)整捕魚的基準(zhǔn)以適應(yīng)時時變化的條件，與相關(guān)信息句動作“相信這些數(shù)據(jù)能夠支持目前海洋生物學(xué)家認(rèn)可的觀點：改變基準(zhǔn)”直接關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“調(diào)整捕魚基準(zhǔn)適應(yīng)變化的條件”對應(yīng)于“改變基準(zhǔn)”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations. 人們應(yīng)該調(diào)整捕魚的基準(zhǔn)以適應(yīng)時時變化的條件。

35. 細(xì)節(jié)題The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ _____.

選項A. management efficiency 管理效率

B. biomass level 生物群落水平

C. catch-size limits 捕量限制

D. technological application 技術(shù)應(yīng)用

該題利用定位詞“mainly”粗略定位到文章第四段That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. “這很重要，因為理論表明當(dāng)這一目標(biāo)物種生物群落的數(shù)量是原來的50%時，人們能夠從漁業(yè)得到的最大的可持續(xù)性的產(chǎn)出。但大多數(shù)漁場的數(shù)量低于50%這種做生意的方式很糟糕。”顯然，生物群落的數(shù)量和水平?jīng)Q定了從事該行業(yè)人的收入。因此，正確答案為B. biomass level 生物群落水平。

全文翻譯當(dāng)史前人類來到地球新的地域時，大型動物發(fā)生了一些奇怪的事情，他們突然之間滅絕了，小一點兒的物種得以存活。那些大型的、生長緩慢的動物比較容易獵取，由于被獵殺而迅速滅絕?，F(xiàn)在類似的情況可能正在海洋中發(fā)生。

人們知道海洋中的魚類過量捕撈已經(jīng)有些年了。Ransom Myers和Boris worm這些研究人員只是讓我們知道了事情變化得多快。他們查詢了來自世界各地漁場的50年的數(shù)據(jù)，目的并非去估算在海洋中的某些特定部分的魚類的實際數(shù)量，而是不同時間內(nèi)魚類數(shù)量的改變。根據(jù)他們發(fā)表在《自然》期刊上的最新論文，一個新的漁場中的大型食肉魚漁類的數(shù)量在開始開發(fā)海洋資源的15年間平均下降了80%，在一些舊的漁場，這15年來，大型食肉魚類的數(shù)量在此基礎(chǔ)上又減少了一半。

Worm博士生成這些數(shù)字比較保守。一個原因是捕魚技術(shù)有所改進(jìn)。如今，船只可以借助衛(wèi)星和聲納定位儀發(fā)現(xiàn)獵物，這在50年前無法作到。這意味著更多的海洋生物被捕獲，因此現(xiàn)在和過去漁業(yè)情況的真實差距可能比記錄下來的捕獲量的變化還要大。此外，在早些年，多鉤長線上可能會掛滿更多的魚，但是因為沒有掛了魚餌的魚鉤來誘惑它們了，所以一些魚就沒被捕到，這就造成了對過去海洋中的魚類數(shù)量估計不足。而且，在早期用多鉤長線釣魚時，許多魚在上鉤后被鯊魚吃掉了?，F(xiàn)在這不成問題了，因為現(xiàn)在鯊魚數(shù)量少了。

Myers博士和Worm博士指出，他們的工作確定了一個正確的基準(zhǔn)，未來的(海洋)管理必須將其考慮進(jìn)去。他們相信這些數(shù)據(jù)能夠支持目前海洋生物學(xué)家認(rèn)可的觀點：改變基準(zhǔn)。這一觀點指出人們沒有察覺發(fā)生在海洋中的巨大變化是因為他們在審視與現(xiàn)在做對比的過去時，用來衡量這個變化的時間段相對較短。這很重要，因為理論表明當(dāng)某一目標(biāo)物種的數(shù)量是原來的50%時，人們能夠從漁業(yè)得到最大的可持續(xù)性的產(chǎn)出。但大多數(shù)漁場的數(shù)量低于原來的50%，這種做生意方式很糟糕。

Text 4

Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.

You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda---to lure us to open our wallets---they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.

36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_____.

A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.

C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

D. artists have changed their focus of interest.

37. The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something_____.

A. religious B. unpleasant C. entertaining D. commercial

38. In the author’s opinion, advertising_____.

A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.

B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public.

C. replaces the church as a major source of information.

D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.

39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_____.

A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness.

B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.

C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.

D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.

40. Which of the following is true of the text?

A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.

D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

文章解析：根據(jù)中心統(tǒng)一原則確定，

文章首段主題句是But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. 最怪異的事情是藝術(shù)家工作是探索情感，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面情感。

第二段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是This wasn't always so. 但情況不總是這樣。

第三段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. 但是這并非是說在早些時候就沒有沒完沒了的戰(zhàn)爭、災(zāi)難以及對無辜者的屠殺。

第四段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. 最終，什么是一種幾乎能夠完全致力于描繪幸福的現(xiàn)代表達(dá)方式呢?廣告。

第五段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. 早期的人們被不幸包圍著。

第六段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. 如今，普通的西方人不斷接收的并非是宗教信息，而是商業(yè)信息及永遠(yuǎn)快樂的信息。

第七段確定段落內(nèi)容方向的語句是What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. 我們所忘記的(即我們的經(jīng)濟所依賴我們要遺忘的)是幸福，不僅僅是沒有痛苦的快樂。

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章圍繞著人的負(fù)面情感問題來展開。

題目解析：

36.結(jié)構(gòu)題By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_____.

選項A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

在表達(dá)快樂時，詩歌的表現(xiàn)力不如繪畫和音樂。

B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.

藝術(shù)來自正面和負(fù)面的情感。

C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

如今的詩人對于幸福少了些懷疑。

D. artists have changed their focus of interest.

藝術(shù)家的關(guān)注點發(fā)生了變化。

該題將例子“Wordsworth and Baudelaire”定位到文章第二段This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. 根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)題方位論原則，找例子對應(yīng)的論點句。例子前面相鄰的句子The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. “諸如繪畫和音樂這樣的早期藝術(shù)形式最適合表達(dá)快樂?！币餐瑯邮抢印Ｒ虼?，段落首句This wasn't always so.“但情況并不總是這樣的?！睘檎擖c。但是，該句由于代詞“this”表達(dá)的含義不完整，所以要找到“this”的指代，即前一段落的尾句But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. “最怪異的事情是藝術(shù)家工作是探索情感，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面情感?！?選項A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.在表達(dá)快樂時，詩歌的表現(xiàn)力不如繪畫和音樂，與相關(guān)信息句動作“最怪異的事情是藝術(shù)家工作是探索情感，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面情感”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.藝術(shù)來自正面和負(fù)面的情感，與相關(guān)信息句動作“最怪異的事情是藝術(shù)家工作是探索情感，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面情感”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.如今的詩人對于幸福少了些懷疑，與相關(guān)信息句動作“最怪異的事情是藝術(shù)家工作是探索情感，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面情感”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. artists have changed their focus of interest.藝術(shù)家的關(guān)注點發(fā)生了變化，與相關(guān)信息句動作“最怪異的事情是藝術(shù)家工作是探索情感，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面情感”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“藝術(shù)家的關(guān)注點發(fā)生了變化”對應(yīng)于“藝術(shù)家工作是探索情感，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面情感”，體現(xiàn)了“包含與被包含”的關(guān)系。綜上所述，正確答案為D. artists have changed their focus of interest. 藝術(shù)家的關(guān)注點發(fā)生了變化。

37. 識詞題The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something_____.

選項A. religious 宗教的 B. unpleasant 不快的

C. entertaining 娛樂的 D. commercial 商業(yè)的

該題將識別的詞匯“bummer”在文章中定位到第五段People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. 作為識詞題，按照“方位論原則”：在識別詞匯后面找表示“解釋說明，邏輯關(guān)系”的表達(dá)，或者向前面找平行結(jié)構(gòu)。在詞匯后面出現(xiàn)“too”，表示并列關(guān)系，因此相關(guān)信息句為In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. “在西方，在大眾傳播開始出現(xiàn)，人們開始讀書識字之前，最強勢的大眾傳媒是教堂，他提醒那些禮拜者他們的心靈處于危險之中，有一天可能會受到蠕蟲的啃噬?！本渥又小靶撵`處于危險之中，可能會受到蠕蟲的啃噬”表現(xiàn)出一種消極不快的情緒和狀態(tài)。因此，答案應(yīng)選B. unpleasant 不快的。

38.細(xì)節(jié)題 In the author’s opinion, advertising_____.

選項A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.

廣告隨著宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)覺醒而出現(xiàn)。

B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public.

廣告是普通人失望的原因。

C. replaces the church as a major source of information.

廣告取代教堂成為主要的信息來源。

D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.

廣告帶來幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福。

該題利用定位詞“advertising”定位到文章第四段After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.“宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)幾乎完全是緊隨大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)而來，隨大眾媒體而來的是一種廣告文化，在這種文化中，幸福不僅僅是理想，而是意識形態(tài)?！?選項A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art. 廣告隨著宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)覺醒而出現(xiàn)，與相關(guān)信息句動作“宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)幾乎完全是緊隨大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)而來，隨大眾媒體而來的是一種廣告文化，在這種文化中，幸福不僅僅是理想，還是意識形態(tài)”似乎相關(guān)聯(lián)，但是選項中“廣告隨著宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)覺醒而出現(xiàn)”與相關(guān)信息句中的“宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)幾乎完全是緊隨大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)而來”相悖;選項B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public. 廣告是普通人失望的原因，與相關(guān)信息句動作“宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)幾乎完全是緊隨大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)而來，隨大眾媒體而來的是一種廣告文化，在這種文化中，幸福不僅僅是理想，而是意識形態(tài)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項 C. replaces the church as a major source of information. 廣告取代教堂成為主要的信息來源，與相關(guān)信息句動作“宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)幾乎完全是緊隨大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)而來，隨大眾媒體而來的是一種廣告文化，在這種文化中，幸福不僅僅是理想，而是意識形態(tài)”沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián);選項D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 廣告帶來幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福，與相關(guān)信息句動作“宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)幾乎完全是緊隨大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)而來，隨大眾媒體而來的是一種廣告文化，在這種文化中，幸福不僅僅是理想，而是意識形態(tài)”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“廣告帶來幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸?！睂?yīng)于“在廣告文化中，幸福不僅僅是理想，而是意識形態(tài)”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系。因此，正確答案為D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 帶來幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福。

39. 推斷題We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_____.

選項A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness.

幸福時常以悲傷終結(jié)。

B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.

那些宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)令人不快但是令人有新鮮之感。

C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.

應(yīng)該欣賞而不是否認(rèn)不幸。

D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.

宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)在經(jīng)濟繁榮時興盛起來。

該題目作為推斷題，要明確找到指定的最后一段的主題句。根據(jù)“主題句---細(xì)節(jié)句原則”，第七段 What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. 段落中間沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，段落首句What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.“我們所忘記的(即我們的經(jīng)濟所依賴我們要遺忘的)是幸福，不僅僅是沒有痛苦的快樂。”明確是細(xì)節(jié)。因此段落的主題句為段尾句It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.“這個信息比丁香煙葉還苦，但是會以某種方式帶來一股清新的氣息?！?選項A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness. 幸福時常以悲傷終結(jié)，與相關(guān)信息句動作“比丁香煙葉還苦，但以某種方式帶來一股清新的氣息”相悖;選項B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. 那些宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)令人不快，但是令人有新鮮之感，與相關(guān)信息句動作“比丁香煙葉還苦，但以某種方式帶來一股清新的氣息”相關(guān)聯(lián)，動作“令人不快，但是令人有新鮮之感”對應(yīng)于“比丁香煙葉還苦，但帶來一股清新的氣息”，體現(xiàn)“同意替換”的關(guān)系;選項C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.應(yīng)該欣賞而不是否認(rèn)不幸，與相關(guān)信息句動作“比丁香煙葉還苦，但以某種方式帶來一股清新的氣息”沒有直接聯(lián)系;選項D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms. 宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)在經(jīng)濟繁榮時興盛起來，與相關(guān)信息句動作“比丁香煙葉還苦，但以某種方式帶來一股清新的氣息”沒有任何聯(lián)系。因此，正確答案為B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. 那些宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)令人不快但是令人有新鮮之感。

40. 推斷題Which of the following is true of the text?

選項A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

宗教曾經(jīng)發(fā)揮提醒人們不幸的功能。

B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

藝術(shù)在期待和現(xiàn)實之間提供了一種平衡。

C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.

人們對道德的現(xiàn)狀感到失望。

D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

大眾傳媒傾向與報導(dǎo)災(zāi)難和死亡。

推斷題，在第五段談?wù)搑eminders of misery(痛苦的提醒者)話題時，作者說：the church…reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms(教會提醒朝拜者，他們的靈魂處于危險之中，他們的軀體將成為蠕蟲的美食)。在第七段，作者把反幸福藝術(shù)的警示作用與宗教的提醒作用等同起來(…we need art to tell us, as religion once did…)。選項A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery. 宗教曾經(jīng)發(fā)揮提醒人們不幸的功能。這與題意完全相符。(補充：這種提問方式是推斷題。按照推斷題方位論原則，對應(yīng)段落的主題句是相關(guān)信息句。但是，間或會出現(xiàn)對應(yīng)段落的主題句與選項沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)，不能確定答案的情況。這種題目就只能利用四個選項分別回歸文章定位，通篇考慮，逐一比較才能夠確定答案。由于這種題目僅僅考察信息的對應(yīng)，沒有涉及分析理解能力的水平，所以不是考研英語試題中的重點試題。)

全文翻譯有許多事情讓人們認(rèn)為藝術(shù)家很怪異，而最怪異的事情是藝術(shù)家的工作是探索感情，并且選擇關(guān)注那些負(fù)面感情。

但情況并不總是這樣的。諸如繪畫和音樂這樣的早期藝術(shù)形式最適合表達(dá)快樂。但是大約在19世紀(jì)，從英國詩人華茲華斯的水仙花到法國詩人波德萊爾的惡之花，更多的藝術(shù)家開始認(rèn)為快樂是無意義的，虛偽的，甚至是快樂讓人感到厭煩。

你可能會辯解，藝術(shù)對幸福更為懷疑這是因為現(xiàn)代社會目睹了這樣的不幸。但是這并非是說在早些時候就沒有沒完沒了的戰(zhàn)爭，災(zāi)難及對無辜者的屠殺。事實上，可能恰恰相反，(藝術(shù)對幸福更為懷疑的)原因是如今這個世界有了太多該死的幸福。

最終，什么是一種幾乎能夠完全致力于描繪幸福的現(xiàn)代表達(dá)方式呢?廣告。宣揚不幸的藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)幾乎完全是緊隨大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)而來，隨大眾媒體而來的是一種廣告文化，在這種文化中，幸福不僅僅是理想，還是意識形態(tài)。

早期的人民被不幸包圍。他們一直工作，直到累的筋疲力盡，生活幾無保障，年紀(jì)輕輕就命喪黃泉。在西方，在大眾傳播開始出現(xiàn)，人們開始讀書識字之前，最強勢的大眾媒體是教堂，它可以提醒那些禮拜者他們的心靈處于危險之中，有一天可能會受到蠕蟲的啃噬。考慮到這些，人們也確實不需要讓藝術(shù)也變成讓人不快的東西了。

如今，普通西方人不斷接收的并非宗教信息，而是商業(yè)信息及永遠(yuǎn)快樂的信息。食用快餐者，新聞主播，通信員們，所有人的人都在微笑、微笑、不停地微笑。我們的雜志上以容光煥發(fā)的名字和住在漂亮房子里的幸福家庭做特寫。因為這些信息有秘密目的——誘使我們打開錢包，這讓幸福的感覺看起來不可信。在我們發(fā)現(xiàn)治療關(guān)節(jié)炎的藥物Celebrex可能增加患心臟病的風(fēng)險之前，有關(guān)該藥物的廣告讓我們?yōu)樗恼Q生而慶祝。

我們所忘記的(也及我們的經(jīng)濟所依賴我們要遺忘的)是幸福不僅僅是沒有痛苦的快樂。那些能夠帶來巨大快樂的東西也會有可能帶來巨大的損失和失望。如今，我們周圍到處都是唾手可得的幸福的承諾，我們需要有人像過去宗教所做的那樣告訴我們“無?！钡南笳?，即記主要你會死去，一切都會消亡，記住幸福不是否認(rèn)這些，而是與這些共存。這個信息比丁香煙葉還苦，但是會以某種方式帶來一股清新氣息。

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.

He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.

(41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

(42) ______________.

The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will”. Well.

(43) ______________.

The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

(44) ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

(45) ______________.

Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on---you might say addicted to---revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.

(A). Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

(B). It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

(C). By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

(D). Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

(E). David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

(F). It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

(G). The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

41.答案：[C]

本文通過David William的賭博經(jīng)歷，評述美國社會普遍的賭博現(xiàn)象。本題比較容易。在第一次賭博中，他輸了20美元，隨后便一發(fā)不可收。注意第二段和第三段中數(shù)字的遞增現(xiàn)象(20→800→……→21,000→72,186)。而在所有選項中，[C]項中的數(shù)字5,000正好填補了800與21,000之間的空白，含義也完全吻合上下文。

42.答案：[A]

空格前一段談到：William的一個朋友幫助他進(jìn)入一家戒賭中心，并把William的問題通知給賭場;賭場發(fā)回來一封禁賭信，并說，William必須提供醫(yī)學(xué)或心理方面的證據(jù)證明他進(jìn)入賭場不會對他的身體健康造成損害，否則，賭場不會再準(zhǔn)許他去賭博。后一段的大意是：《華爾街日報》報道了賭場的24條聲明，比如“以賭為樂……不要過火”;每張門票上都留有心理咨詢的免費電話;然而，明知他賭博成癮，賭場還故意誘惑他“做違背自己意愿的事情”?？崭裰袘?yīng)涉及賭場重又引誘William去賭博的內(nèi)容。選項[A]大意為：賭場繼續(xù)以強大的攻勢誘使William進(jìn)入賭場，而并沒有人察覺他是“禁賭人員”。[A]與上下文完全符合，因此是正確答案。

43.答案：[B]

空格后一段大意為：一份精神障礙方面的專業(yè)雜志說，“病態(tài)的賭博”是指持續(xù)地、復(fù)發(fā)性地、不可控制地追求突發(fā)橫財帶來的刺激，而不是追求金錢本身。這顯然是在分析“病態(tài)的賭博”的癥狀。而上一段談到賭場誘使William進(jìn)入賭場，“做違背自己意愿的事情”。選項[B]的意思是：并不清楚究竟是什么在引誘他;從何種意義來說，他的意愿才算不被強制?此項正好符合上下文邏輯。另外，上文最后一句中的lure一詞與[B]項中l(wèi)uring相互照應(yīng)。因此，[B]是答案。

44.答案：[F]

由于本題空格是在段首，因此空格內(nèi)容與后文關(guān)系更為密切。后一句的大意是：在科學(xué)或所謂科學(xué)的推動下，社會正把曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為的性格缺陷或道德缺點重新歸類為與身體殘疾相似的個性障礙。選項[F]的大意是：令人擔(dān)憂的是，社會正在用藥物處理越來越多的行為問題，并把意志力薄弱定義為“毒”癮發(fā)作。這兩句的結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)涵非常相似，因此應(yīng)選[F]為答案。

45.答案：[D]

空格后文說到：44個州有彩票，29個州有賭場，大多數(shù)州都不同程度地依賴著賭博業(yè)帶來的稅收。這顯然是一種政府行為。涉及政府行為的有[D]和[G]兩個選項，而[G]講的是本文最后才提到的網(wǎng)絡(luò)賭博，只有[D]符合題意。

參考譯文

Evansville鎮(zhèn)坐落在印第安納州俄亥俄河的北岸，是52歲的大衛(wèi)?威廉姆斯的家鄉(xiāng)，鎮(zhèn)上有一家內(nèi)河船賭場。威廉姆斯是州政府的一名審計員，年薪35，000美元。在那家賭場賭了幾年，他大約輸了175000美元。以前他從未參與賭博，直到有一天，那家賭場送他一張價值20美元的賭博優(yōu)惠券。

他去了那家賭場，輸了20美元，然后離開了。第二次去賭場他輸了800美元。作為一名優(yōu)秀顧客，賭場發(fā)給他一張“娛樂卡”，賭場里使用可以獲得積分，換取食物和飲料，賭場也可以以此來追蹤使用者的賭博活動。對于威廉姆斯而言，這些活動成為他所謂的“電子海洛因”。

在他輸了5，000美元的時候，他對自己說如果能撈回本錢，他就會停手。有一天晚上他贏了5，500美元，但是他并未停手。在1997年，他玩投幣賭博游戲時兩天時間內(nèi)輸了21，000美元。1997年三月間，他輸了72，186美元。有時候，他同時玩兩臺投幣機，整晚整晚地玩，直到凌晨5點賭船進(jìn)港關(guān)門為止，在賭場沒有禁止他光顧，原因是賭場知道他沉溺其中不能自拔。賭場的確知道他有問題。

1998年三月，威廉姆斯在一個朋友在他不情愿的情況下將他送入治療中心，戒除賭癮，并寫信告知賭場威廉姆斯上癮的事實。賭場將威廉姆斯的照片放入被禁止賭博的賭徒名單中，給他寫了一封“禁止進(jìn)入賭場”的信。注明了賭博行為的醫(yī)學(xué)/心理學(xué)特征，信中指出在允許他重新進(jìn)入賭場之前，威廉姆斯必須提供證明他光臨賭場不會對他的安全和生活幸福造成危害。

盡管他沒有提供這些證明，賭場的市場部還是不斷地給他寄資料。他進(jìn)入賭場，使用“娛樂卡”，而賭場并未察覺。

據(jù)《華爾街周刊》報道，該賭場有24個警告牌，寫著諸如“享受樂趣，用頭腦賭博，不要頭腦發(fā)熱”一類的警告語。每張入場卷上都印著一個免費電話號碼，可以向印地安納州心理健康部門進(jìn)行咨詢。然而，威廉姆斯的訴狀指出賭場明明知道他無可救要地沉溺與賭博，卻故意引誘他做出違背自己意愿的行為。

考慮到他強迫性的行為，賭場是否故意引誘他還不得而知，而他的意愿又體現(xiàn)在那些方面呢?

第四版《心理紊亂診斷數(shù)據(jù)手冊》指出，病態(tài)賭博指的是在追求意外橫財時，持續(xù)地、反復(fù)地、無法自控地尋求冒險刺激，并非僅僅為了錢。

令人不安的是，現(xiàn)在社會越來越多地用醫(yī)學(xué)方法處理行為問題，以前嚴(yán)厲的前輩們稱之為意志薄弱的行為現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是上癮。由于科學(xué)或所謂科學(xué)的推動，社會正在對行為問題進(jìn)行重新分類，把從前認(rèn)為是性格缺陷、道德過失的重新歸類到類似于勝利障礙的病態(tài)人格。

賭博一直是美國人生活中的普遍現(xiàn)象。長期以來，人們認(rèn)為賭博是一種罪過或者是一種社會疾病?，F(xiàn)在賭博卻成為一種社會政策：在美國，最主要、最有力的賭博推動者是美國政府。

四十四個州發(fā)行彩票，29個州設(shè)有賭場，而這些州中大多數(shù)在不同程度上倚賴于(你可能會說沉溺于)來自賭博的稅收。自從1995年建立了第一個賭博網(wǎng)站以來，爭奪賭徒資金的競爭加劇。據(jù)10月28日那期《新聞周刊》的報道，200萬賭徒每周光顧1800個虛擬賭場。今年網(wǎng)絡(luò)賭徒們輸?shù)舻腻X達(dá)到35億美元，賭博業(yè)已經(jīng)超越色情業(yè)，成為網(wǎng)絡(luò)上最贏利的行業(yè)。

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10points)

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals --- the average scientist for one (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties---he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in “public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.”

ANSWERS

46.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

define…as…“把…定義為…”

elected as… “選擇…作為…”

thinking in Socratic way about “用蘇格拉底式的方式思考…”

them it　遵循代詞的指代原則，them指代“知識分子”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)(

I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems.

2、which/that原則用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

I shall define him as an individual

who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems.

3、較長不定式短語或介詞短語原則(用來將單句中的不頂事短語和介詞短語與主句區(qū)別對待，即恢復(fù)單句完整，理解短語功能)

I shall define him as an individual

who has elected the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems.

as his primary duty and pleasure in life

這是一個復(fù)合句。I shall define him as an individual 是主句。定語從句who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems用來修飾名詞“individual”。該定語從句中構(gòu)成“elect…as…”的結(jié)構(gòu)。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

I shall define him as an individual我將知識分子定義這種個體：

who has elected the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems. 用蘇格拉底式的方式思考對道德問題，

as his primary duty and pleasure in life 并將此作為自己人生首要責(zé)任和快樂的人。

[參考譯文] 我將知識分子定義這種個體：用蘇格拉底式的方式思考道德問題，并將此作為自己人生首要責(zé)任和人生樂趣。

47.His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

is analogous to “與…相似”

accept(the obligation of) “接受”在此意為“承擔(dān)”

revealing “揭露”在此意為“揭示”

led him to his decision. “他自己得出結(jié)論”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)(

His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

2、which/that原則用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

His function is analogous to that of a judge

, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning

which led him to his decision.

3、較長不定式短語或介詞短語原則(用來將單句中的不頂事短語和介詞短語與主句區(qū)別對待，即恢復(fù)單句完整，理解短語功能)

His function is analogous to that of a judge

, who must accept the obligation of revealing the course of reasoning

in as obvious a matter as possible

which led him to his decision.

這是一個復(fù)合句。His function is analogous to that of a judge是主句。非限制性定語從句who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision用來修飾前文名詞judge。在該定語從句中，which led him to his decision是定語從句，修飾名詞短語“the course of reasoning”。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

His function is analogous to that of a judge他的職責(zé)與法官相似，

, who must accept the obligation of revealing the course of reasoning必須承擔(dān)揭示推理過程的責(zé)任。

in as obvious a matter as possible用盡可能明了的方式

which led him to his decision. 自己做出決定的

[參考譯文] 他的職責(zé)與法官相似，必須承擔(dān)這樣的責(zé)任：用盡可能明了的方式來展示自己做出決定的推理過程。

48.I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

excluded “排除在外”

contribute to “促成”

has not been charged with (the obligation)“被控告”在此意為“承擔(dān)”

approaching (the factual aspect)“接近”在此意為“探究”

him 遵循代詞的指代原則，him指代“普通科學(xué)家”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems

, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

2、which/that原則(用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

I have excluded him

because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems

, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

這是一個復(fù)合句。I have excluded him是主句。because,引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。在該原因狀語從句中while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems和he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.構(gòu)成讓步關(guān)系的主、從句。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

I have excluded him我已經(jīng)把普通科學(xué)家排除在外，

because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems是因為盡管他的成果可能會有助于解決道德問題，

, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 但他承擔(dān)的任務(wù)只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面。

[參考譯文] 我之所以把普通科學(xué)家排除在外，是因為盡管他的成果可能會有助于解決道德問題，但他承擔(dān)的任務(wù)只不過是研究這些問題的事實方面。

49.But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

think about “思考，考慮”

governs his activity “管理”在此意為“支配”

is expected to “期望…”

dedicate his energies to “投身于…;專注于…”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity

, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

2、which/that原則(用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

But his primary task is not to think about the moral code

, which governs his activity

, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

這是一個復(fù)合句。But his primary task is not to think about the moral code any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business是主句，在該句子中體現(xiàn)了結(jié)構(gòu)“not…any more than”，譯為 “不是…也不是”。非限制性定語從句which governs his activity用來修飾名詞“moral code”。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

But his primary task is not to think about the moral code但是，他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮道德規(guī)范，

, which governs his activity支配自己行為的

, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 就如同不能指望商人專注于探索行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。

[參考譯文] 但是，他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行為的道德規(guī)范，就如同不能指望商人專注于探索行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。

50.They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

翻譯步驟分析

[詞義推敲] 步驟一、瀏覽語句，識別動詞和代詞含義

teach “教”

earn their salaries “掙工資”

make little or no independent reflections on “很少或幾乎沒有獨立思考”

involve(moral judgment) “包括”在此意為“需要(道德判斷)”

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 步驟二、瀏覽語句，斷句

1、，and原則(用來區(qū)分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列連詞要首先區(qū)分)

They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries

, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

2、which/that原則(用來區(qū)分主句和從句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等標(biāo)志詞區(qū)分主句和從句)

They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries

, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

這是一個并列句。They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries與but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。在but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment中，定語從句which involve moral judgment修飾名詞“human problems”。

[翻譯潤色] 步驟三、單句翻譯，準(zhǔn)確排序

They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries他們可以教得很好，而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水，

, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒有對、人的問題進(jìn)行獨立思考。

which involve moral judgment. 需要進(jìn)行道德判斷的

[參考譯文] 他們可以教得很好，而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水，但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒有對需要進(jìn)行道德判斷的、人的問題進(jìn)行獨立思考。

參考譯文

美國知識分子受到排斥，人們認(rèn)為他們在社會中無關(guān)緊要，確實如此嗎?這里指出的是情況并非那樣。Father Bruchbergen讓我們了解到部分真實情況。他指出是美國受到知識分子的排斥。然而，知識分子所做的還不止這些，他們對知識分子所發(fā)揮的作用日益感到不滿。正是他們自己，而不是美國，成了反知識分子者。

首先，我們要對研究對象進(jìn)行定義。什么是知識分子?我將知識分子定義為這樣的人。他把用蘇格拉底的方法思考道德問題作為自己的主要責(zé)任和人生樂趣。他有意識地、清楚坦誠地探索這一問題，首先針對一些事實問題提問，然后針對道德問題提問，最后根據(jù)已經(jīng)獲得的事實和道德信息提出一些看似合理的建議，建議人們?nèi)绾涡袆?。他的職?zé)與法官相似，必須承擔(dān)這樣的責(zé)任：用盡可能明了的方式來展示自己做出決定的推理過程。

這一定義將許多通常被稱為知識分子的人排除在外，那些普通科學(xué)家便是其中之一。我把普通科學(xué)家排除在外，是因為盡管他們的成就有助于解決道德問題，但卻僅僅限于這些問題的事實方面，他們并未承擔(dān)解決道德問題的任務(wù)。與其他人一樣，他們會在完成自己的日常任務(wù)時遇到道德問題——他不應(yīng)該偽造實驗，捏造證據(jù)，修改實驗報告。但是科學(xué)家的主要任務(wù)不是思考支配自己行為的道德準(zhǔn)則，正如人們不會期待商人將精力投入到研究商業(yè)中的行為規(guī)范一樣。普通科學(xué)家在大部分醒著的時日都會認(rèn)為自己的道德準(zhǔn)則理所當(dāng)然，這和商人是一樣的。

這個定義也將絕大多數(shù)教師排除在外，盡管從傳統(tǒng)意義上來說，多數(shù)知識分子的謀生手段是教書。這些教師可能擅長教書，而且不僅僅專注于賺錢，但大多數(shù)人很少或者沒有對涉及道德判斷的人類問題進(jìn)行獨立思考。這種情況也適用大多數(shù)杰出學(xué)者。在人類知識的某一領(lǐng)域?qū)W識淵博是一回事，而：“對社會進(jìn)行卓越的思考”(愛默生語)則是另一回事。

51.DIRECTIONS:

You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.

Write your letter no less than 100 words. Write it on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.

To those that is concerned,

I write this letter to request your help to recommend a proper candidate to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial assistance to a child in a remote area.

I wonder if it is convenient for you if three things concerning the child are taken into consideration. First, the child should come from Gansu Province, for I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if the child is a primary school student. I hope I will help him/her from the very beginning. In addition, he/she must be willing to return to his hometown to help built it after graduation from university.

My plan will be carried out as follows. On one hand, I will remit at least 2,000 yuan in cash every year until he/she finishes his/her education before entering college. On the other hand, I decide to teach the child math and English in person during my summer vacation, which will surely be more beneficial to the child.

Your prompt help would be highly appreciated. And I am expecting your reply at your earliest convenience.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

52.DIRECTIONS:

Study the following photos carefully and write an essay of 160~200 words in which you should

1. describe the photos briefly,

2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and

3. give your point of view.

謀篇分析

根據(jù)漫畫不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，漫畫場景一，一位年輕人的臉上寫著“貝克漢姆”的名字，眼睛卻被蒙上了。漫畫場景二，一位理發(fā)師給年輕人剪“貝克漢姆”的發(fā)型，眼睛也被蒙上了。顯然，漫畫反映的是“盲目明星崇拜”，即該文章的主題。

根據(jù)提綱中的信息1. describe the photos briefly, 本文開頭需要一個段落，即描述漫畫段。

根據(jù)提綱中的信息2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,引出暗含主題段

根據(jù)提綱中的信息3. give your point of view. 本篇文章下文要體現(xiàn)出作者的觀點以及最后得出的結(jié)論。

SAMPLE

How ironic the two pictures are in describing one of the most widespread social phenomena concerning idol adoration! In the first picture, a young man writes the name of Beckham on his face. In the second picture, another young man spends 300 yuan in dealing with his hair to make himself look like Beckham.

The meaning conveyed in the two pictures reveals that in current China some young people are losing themselves due to idol adoration. I am greatly shocked by the enthusiasm for this British football superstar shown by these two young men. Frankly speaking, things of this kind really happen among us. Some people, especially college students, do nothing but concentrate on imitating superstars. This does great harm to their study and growth. If we can’t stop the worsening of this tendency, our own culture will be damaged, and we ourselves will be the ultimate victims.

From my point of view, a lot of measures should be taken to save our losing culture and re-find ourselves. In fact, some measures have already been taken. In my university, campaigns have been launched to educate people to pay more attention to our traditional culture and read more books instead of focusing on our appearances.

As a result, we have witnessed some improvements but still there is a long way to go.

文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

第一段

How ironic the two pictures are in describing one of the most widespread social phenomena concerning idol adoration! 用來引出漫畫內(nèi)容，并且給人以“心領(lǐng)神會”之感。

In the first picture,…… 描述漫畫內(nèi)容。

In the second picture,…… 描述漫畫內(nèi)容，并指出兩幅漫畫的相似之處。

第二段

The meaning conveyed in the two pictures reveals that……用來引出主題，并且順利的強調(diào)主題的重要。

I am greatly shocked by……

Frankly speaking, things of this kind really happen among us. 用來聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實，只有將主題與現(xiàn)實聯(lián)系到一起才能體現(xiàn)出主題的意義和作用 。

第三段

From my point of view,…… 指出自己的觀點，符合提綱要求來展開文章。

第四段

As a result, we have witnessed some improvements but still there is a long way to go. 下結(jié)論，并把文章順利結(jié)尾。

many people. Take Liuxiang as an example. 舉例子，符合提綱要求來展開文章。

It is because of...... On the contrary, …… 展開例子，聯(lián)系到主題，再次強調(diào)主題的重要性。

第四段

As the saying goes,…… 諺語將文章主題升華。

Only by building strong self-confidence can we move closer to our dreams. 利用倒裝句型下結(jié)論，并把文章順利結(jié)尾。