長難句分析(1)：分析長難句的思路

考博英語讓大家頭痛的問題有兩個(gè)，一是詞匯量不夠，很多單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，另一個(gè)就是單詞都認(rèn)識(shí)但是句子依然不知道意思。只要這兩個(gè)問題解決了，考博英語的難度就降低了很多。

就考博英語中的閱讀理解來看，大家存在的問題是能找到答案所在的句子，單詞也認(rèn)識(shí)，但這句話的意思卻怎么也不明白，也找不到正確的答案。除了閱讀理解，翻譯中也時(shí)常出現(xiàn)長難句，考博翻譯評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是分段給分，所以大家在翻譯之前可以將長句進(jìn)行拆分。此外，作文與長難句也是密切相關(guān)的，長短句交替使用的作文何愁得不到呢？

知道了長難句的重要性，今天 ，我們就來講講長難句該如何分析？

一，找主句

長難句不會(huì)是簡單句，往往是復(fù)合句或者并列復(fù)合句，因此，一般會(huì)有主句與從句?？焖僬页鲋骶涞姆绞绞钦页鲋^語動(dòng)詞，那么問題落在了如何找謂語動(dòng)詞。方法如下：

1.找動(dòng)詞。找出句子中所有的動(dòng)詞(除去非謂語動(dòng)詞：ing分詞，ed分詞，動(dòng)詞不定式)。

2.順著動(dòng)詞往前找，如果有引導(dǎo)詞，說明這個(gè)動(dòng)詞所在的句子是個(gè)從句;如果沒有引導(dǎo)詞，說明這就是主句。

例1：

Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living, to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach.

先找出句子中所有動(dòng)詞(除去非謂語動(dòng)詞)。

Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living, to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach.

其中move,set,confront,see, teach屬于非謂語動(dòng)詞(不定式)，可以排除其為主句的謂語動(dòng)詞，最后還剩下seemed, was,和had.

Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being, and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living, to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach.

找出引導(dǎo)詞

引導(dǎo)詞即引導(dǎo)從句的那個(gè)詞。比如：Iknow that she is beautiful.句子中that就是引導(dǎo)詞。英語中，從句一共是三大類：名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句，常見的引導(dǎo)詞有wh-類

(what,when,which,where,when,who,whom,whose,why),that, how,whether/if，以及其他引導(dǎo)狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。因此，在例1中，除去非謂語動(dòng)詞后，順著剩下的三個(gè)動(dòng)詞往前面找，had前面有引導(dǎo)詞what，所以排除其為謂語動(dòng)詞。be動(dòng)詞was前面有并列連詞and，由此可知此句是由兩個(gè)并列分句構(gòu)成的并列復(fù)合句。

所以這個(gè)句子的主干是Freedom seemed to…,and he was content to…。

二，研究從句

在第一步中提到的三類從句(其中名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、 同位語從句)在長難句中都可能出現(xiàn)，因此需要對這些從句的知識(shí)有所了解。一般可以根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞前面的單詞來判斷這是什么從句:

引導(dǎo)詞在句首，一般是主語從句；

That the moon travels around the earth once every month is known to everyone.

引導(dǎo)詞前是名詞，根據(jù)情況區(qū)分是定語從句還是同位語從句；

The man whom you saw just now is our manager.(定語從句)

The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. (同位語從句)

引導(dǎo)詞前是動(dòng)詞或介詞，說明這個(gè)從句是賓語從句；

I worry aboutwhether I hurt her feelings.

引導(dǎo)詞前是系動(dòng)詞，說明這個(gè)從句是表語從句；

The problem iswho we can get to go to the airport to pick her up

引導(dǎo)詞前是狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，說明這是狀語從句。

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

例2：

Humans are the only species known to have consciousness, awareness that we have brains and bodies capable of adaptability that we can affect the course our lives take, that we can make choices along the way that vastly affect the quality of our lives--biologically, intellectually, environmentally, and spiritually.

使用上述方法，可以快速找到句子主句：

Humans are the only species known to have consciousness。

整個(gè)句子中有四個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句，其中

thatwe can affect the course our lives take

這個(gè)從句中還嵌有一個(gè)從句：

wecan affect thecourse(that)ourlives take,

由于that充當(dāng)take的賓語，所以此處可以省略。第一個(gè)that和第三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語從句解釋awareness;第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語從句解釋adaptability;省略了的that引導(dǎo)定語從句限定名詞course;第四個(gè)that引導(dǎo)定語從句限定名詞way。最后的biologically, intellectually,environmentally, and spiritually是副詞做狀語。

譯文

人類是一種有意識(shí)的物種：我們的大腦和肢體能夠適應(yīng)選擇的生活軌跡，這種意識(shí)能夠讓我們做出當(dāng)下對自己生活產(chǎn)生重大影響的決策，不論是在生理層面、智力層面、環(huán)境層面還是在精神層面上。

因此，只要把句子的主干(主句)和枝葉(從句及其他修飾成分)弄清楚，分析長難句并不是難事。希望這篇文章能夠給考生們帶來啟發(fā)。