2021年考博英語翻譯專項練習（八）

考博英語翻譯題一般包括英譯漢題、漢譯英題。其中漢譯英要求考生能將一篇社會、文化、經濟或科技類漢語短文譯成英語，要求譯文忠實原文，無明顯誤譯、漏譯；譯文通順，用詞正確、表達基本無誤，無明顯語法錯誤；總量為150個左右漢字。英譯漢要求考生能將一篇英語社會、文化、經濟、科技等為背景的英語短文譯成漢語，要求譯文忠實原文，無明顯誤譯、漏譯；譯文通順，用詞正確、表達基本無誤，無明顯語病；總量為100個左右單詞。為幫助大家更好的備考這類翻譯題型，小編為大家整理了部分院校的往年考博英語翻譯真題（中國社會科學院），一起來練習下吧。

Direction: Write your translations in your answer sheet．

Part A

Translate into good Chinese the underlined sentences only. (15％)

Nearly every society in human history has considered its own language finer, its own food tastier, its own manners more refined (or more honest), its own morals better (or more sensible), and its own religion the one true religion. In smaller groups ethnocentrism takes the form of “team spirit”, “l(fā)ocal pride”, and “company morale”. (1) Taken to extremes, ethnocentrism easily leads to chauvinism (the glorification of one's own group along with fear and hatred of others), racial and religious oppression, warfare, and even genocide. In moderate forms, however, ethnocentrism makes for high morale and effective cooperation within a group. Whether in a football team before a big game or in a nation at war, ethnocentric feelings have the beneficial effect of mobilizing and uniting a threatened group against its enemy. (2) Finally, ethnocentrism can provide satisfaction and comfort. People often make themselves feel better by believing in other's inferiority. “At least I'm not a grind,” An important step in the uphill struggle of American blacks and woment to win social equality was the increased self—esteem generated by such ethnocentric slogans as “Black is beautiful” and “Sisterhood is powerful.”

As soon as it became clear that ethnocentrism was a common phenomenon, social scientists realized that they themselves might be unfairly judging the behavior of different peoples according to their own cultural values. To avoid any taint of ethnocentric prejudice, anthropologists began to adopt an attitude of cultural relativism, the view that human thoughts and deeds should be judged not by any outside standards but only by those of the society or group in which they take place. (3) Cultural relativism

thus stood for scientific objectivity, fair—mindedness, and liberalism. It rapidly became the dominant view in anthropology and sociology．

At first, some anthropologists interpreted cultural relativism so rigidly that they refused to make any judgments whatever about human behavior. In the 1930s the anthropologist Ruth Benedict maintained, for instance, that the cultures of the would were all equally valied patterns of life and nothing any people did was invalid if it was in harmony with the rest of their culture. (4) Paradoxically, the extreme cultural relativists, who wanted to give all other peoples due respect and resist all tendencies toward ethnocentrism in themselves, were drawn to the logical conclusion that anything goes—infanticide, headhunting, slavery, torture, ritual mutilation—provided only that it is in accord with the culture in which it occurs．

History soon exposes the fallacy of this doctrine of total objectivity. Under Hitler, the Nazis enslaved millions and put millions more to death. After the 1930s it was no longer possible for scholars to maintain the stance of total cultural relativism (5) While contemporary anthropologists and sociologists continue to believe that the practices of another people cannot be judged on the same terms as their own culture, they also believe that those practices can be judged in the light of universal values and basic human requirements. Thus, any cultural practice that conflicts with such universal human needs as emotional security, physical health, and self—preservation should not be deemed as valid as practices that serve those needs．

Part B

Translate into good English the following sentences. (15％)

(1)在世界各地，今天比任何時候都更加感覺到中國的存在，它在世界政治形勢中占有歷史性的重要地位。

(2)我們的社會主義實踐，與其說是出于社會主義理論的理解和運用，還不如說是為了適應現實的需要。

(3)我們現在面臨的所有重大世界性問題中最重要的問題就是人口對土地和土地資源的壓力正在迅建增長。

(4)在科學技術迅猛發(fā)展的今天，振興經濟的希望在教育，教師隊伍的數量和質量對教育發(fā)展只有決定性的影響。

(5)必須引導人們正確處理競爭和協(xié)作、自主和監(jiān)督、效率和公平、先富和共富、經濟效率和社會效益等關系。

KEY

Part A

1．民族中心主義在較小的群體中表現為“團隊精神”，“地域主義”和“公司時期”等具體形式。

2．民族中心主義情緒無論是在一個面臨一場重大比賽的足球中還是在一個處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)的中，都發(fā)揮著動員和聯合一個受到威脅的群體起來對抗敵手的有益作用。

3．人類學家們?yōu)榱吮苊獬霈F民族中心主義偏見的跡象，開始采取一種文化相對主義的態(tài)度，文化相對主義是一種人為評價人的思想行為應該依照其發(fā)生的社會或團體的標準而不是任何外來的標準的觀點。

4．二十世紀三十年代，例如人類學家魯斯，斑斌迪克特就堅持道，世界上所有的文化都是具有同等法律效力的生活方式，只要與其文化中的其他事物相一致，無論人們做甚么都是正當有效的。

5．從二十世紀三十年代以后，學者們再也不可能堅持絕對的文化相對主義觀點了。

Part B

1．The presence of China is felt, more than ever, all over the world, assuming historic dimensions in the world political situation．

2．Our socialist practice has been the result much more of responding to a felt need than to any understanding and application of sociality theory．

3．The most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources．

4．Nowadays in the condition of the science and technology being developed swift and violent, the hope of vitalizing economy is education, the quality and quantity of the teachers group has a decisive effect on the education development．

5．It is imperative to guide people to correctly handle relations between competition and cooperation between the exercise of decision making power and supervision, between efficiency and fairness between achieving prosperity sooner and achieving common prosperity, and between economic returns and social effects．