2021考博英語(yǔ)詞匯語(yǔ)法題：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

考博英語(yǔ)詞匯與語(yǔ)法題一般測(cè)試要求一般包括以下幾個(gè)：考生掌握詞匯、短語(yǔ)及基本語(yǔ)法概念的熟練程度；要求考生掌握并能正確運(yùn)用從事學(xué)術(shù)研究與交流所需要的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)；認(rèn)知15000詞，并且能正確、熟練地運(yùn)用其中的8000個(gè)單詞及其最基本的搭配。為幫助大家更好的復(fù)習(xí)這類題型，希賽網(wǎng)考博英語(yǔ)頻道為大家整理了“考博英語(yǔ)詞匯語(yǔ)法題?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)”，一起來(lái)練習(xí)下吧。

基本結(jié)構(gòu)

(一)肯定式

主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞have /has +過(guò)去分詞+其它

說(shuō)明：這里的have /has是助動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有什么具體意義。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞用has，其余人稱一律用have。 has，have的縮略式分別為's或've。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成與過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成方式一樣，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞可參看不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表。實(shí)例：

1)I've just copied all the new words .我剛抄寫(xiě)了所有的生詞。 (表示不要再抄了)

2)She has lost her books .她丟失了她的書(shū)。 (表示到目前為止還沒(méi)有找到)

(如果用過(guò)去時(shí)：She lost her books . 則強(qiáng)調(diào)書(shū)是過(guò)去丟的這一動(dòng)作，而不知現(xiàn)在有沒(méi)有找到)

3)We've just cleaned the classroom .我們剛好打掃了教室。(表明現(xiàn)在教室是干凈的)

(二)否定式

主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞have /has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其它

說(shuō)明：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成否定句時(shí)，只需在助動(dòng)詞have /has后面加not就行。have not，has not的縮略式分別為haven't ，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already時(shí)，改為否定時(shí)要分別改成any，yet。實(shí)例：

1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我還沒(méi)有完成我的作業(yè)。

2)She hasn't travelled on a train .她沒(méi)有坐火車(chē)旅行過(guò)。

3)We have never spoken to a foreigner.我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有和外國(guó)人說(shuō)過(guò)話。

注：有時(shí)not可以用never代替，表示“從來(lái)沒(méi)有”的意思。又如：

4)I have never seen him before.以前我從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。

(三)一般疑問(wèn)式

助動(dòng)詞Have /Has +主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其它 ?

說(shuō)明：把陳述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打問(wèn)號(hào)，同時(shí)把句中的some ，already改為any ，ye t就構(gòu)成了一般疑問(wèn)句?？隙ɑ卮鹩谩癥es ，主語(yǔ)+have/has.否定回答用“No，主語(yǔ)+haven't/hasn't.”有時(shí)也可以用“No，not yet./No ，never./No，not even once.”等。實(shí)例：

1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?你曾經(jīng)做過(guò)餃子嗎?

—Yes ，I have .是的，我做過(guò)。

2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾經(jīng)出過(guò)國(guó)嗎?

—No，never.不，從來(lái)沒(méi)有。

3)—Have they found the lost books yet ?他們已經(jīng)找到了丟失的書(shū)嗎?

—Yes ，they have.是的，他們找到了。

注意：當(dāng)句中有否定詞not ，hardly(幾乎不)，never的時(shí)候，在改為反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，附加部分用肯定形式。例如：You have never come to our school ，have you ?你以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有來(lái)過(guò)我們學(xué)校，是嗎?

基本用法

1：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。此時(shí)，常與時(shí)間副詞already(已經(jīng)) ，yet(還、已經(jīng)) ，just(剛剛、僅僅) ，ever(曾經(jīng)) ，never(從不) ，before(以前)等連用。這幾個(gè)副詞的用法如下：

1.already意為“已經(jīng)”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助動(dòng)詞之后，過(guò)去分詞之前，也可以放在句末。實(shí)例：

1)I've already read this book. 我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)這本書(shū)了。

(“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是“知道書(shū)中的內(nèi)容”。)

2)I've washed my clothes already.我已經(jīng)洗了衣服。

(洗衣服的動(dòng)作已完成，其結(jié)果是“衣服冼干凈了”。)

注意：在表示吃驚或明知故問(wèn)等感情色彩時(shí)，already也可用于(口語(yǔ))疑問(wèn)句中。實(shí)例：

3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)他了?

2.yet用在疑問(wèn)句中意為“已經(jīng)”，用在否定句中意為“還”，常放在句末。實(shí)例：

1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已經(jīng)找到他的手表了嗎?

—No，not yet.不，還沒(méi)有。

2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .

那位婦女還沒(méi)有找到她的狗。(沒(méi)找到狗，心里著急，這就是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響)

3.just意為“剛剛”，表示行為剛剛過(guò)去，常放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間。實(shí)例：

He has just come back from school .他剛從學(xué)?；貋?lái)。

4.ever意為“曾經(jīng)”，用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中，放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間。實(shí)例：

1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去過(guò)香港嗎?

2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她說(shuō)過(guò)話。

5.never意為“從來(lái)沒(méi)有”常與before連用(before要放在句尾，而never多放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間。實(shí)例：

I have never travelled by plane before.我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有乘飛機(jī)旅行過(guò)。

6.before意為“以前”，指過(guò)去不確定的某個(gè)時(shí)間，總是放在句末，不受句型的限制。實(shí)例：

1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去過(guò)海南嗎?

2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前沒(méi)吃過(guò)廣東菜。

時(shí)態(tài)比較

一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較

①兩者都可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，

而后者則只是表示過(guò)去有這一動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。

He locked the door. 他鎖過(guò)門(mén) (但現(xiàn)在門(mén)是開(kāi)是鎖不清楚。)

He has locked the door. 他把門(mén)鎖上了。 (現(xiàn)在門(mén)是鎖著的。)

Who turned on the light?

誰(shuí)開(kāi)的燈? (著眼開(kāi)燈的動(dòng)作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開(kāi)是關(guān)。)

Who has turned on the light?

誰(shuí)把燈打開(kāi)了? (著眼開(kāi)燈的結(jié)果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。)

② 兩者都可表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。

He has lived in Beijing for four years.

他在北京住了四年了。 (現(xiàn)在仍住那兒。)

He lived in Beijing for four years.

他曾在北京住了四年。 (現(xiàn)在不住那兒了。)

二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別

在與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(for, since短語(yǔ))連用時(shí)，兩種時(shí)態(tài)可以互換使用

I have been studying English for over two years

= I have studying English for over two years

但在口語(yǔ)中傾向于用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

在不用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可以隨便互換使用：

(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往沒(méi)有。試比較：

They have been widening the road.(a) They have widened the road.(b)

(a)句的意思是他們?cè)诩訉採(cǎi)R路，但尚未完工。(b)句的意思則是已完工了。

(2)在不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行。

而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去已結(jié)束。如：

The students have been preparing for the exam.(還在進(jìn)行)學(xué)生們一直在準(zhǔn)備考試。

The students have prepared for the exam.(已經(jīng)結(jié)束)學(xué)生們?yōu)榭荚囎髁藴?zhǔn)備。

(3)有些表示狀態(tài)，感情，感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞如：have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

They?ve known each other since 1970.自從1970年起他們就相互認(rèn)識(shí)了。

(4) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性。

Have you been meeting him recently?你最近常和他見(jiàn)面嗎?

Have you met him recently? 你最近見(jiàn)到過(guò)他嗎?

(5) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng)，有時(shí)含有明顯的感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)，一種影響或結(jié)果，平鋪直敘，沒(méi)有什么感情色彩可言。如：

What have you been doing?(a) What have you done?(b)

(a)句表示驚異。(b)句只是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。

I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 (可能表示不滿)

I have waited for you for two hours. 　我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 (說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí))

(6) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。

Who has been eating the oranges? 誰(shuí)一直在吃這些桔子呀? (還剩余一些)

Who has eaten the oranges? 誰(shuí)把桔子吃光了? (強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩)

三、有些動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

①表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：be, have, exist等

②表示感情的動(dòng)詞：like, love等

③表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞：see, hear, know等

He has had a cold for a week.

I have known Mr. Li since I was ten.

單項(xiàng)選擇。

1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .

A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?

A. already B.never C.ever D. still

3、Have you met Mr Li ______?

A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written

5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good

C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better

6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

A. was ; studying B. will ; study

C. has ; studied D. are ; studying

7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew

8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .

A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see

9、—These farmers have been to the United States .

—Really ? When _____ there ?

A. will they go B. did they go

C. do they go D. have they gone

10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?

—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished

C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish

11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in

12、—Do you know him well ?

— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made

13、—How long have you ____ here ?

—About two months .

A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived

14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

A. has begun B. had begun

C. has been on D. began

15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .

A. is B. has C. will D. was

16、Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .

A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been

17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .

A. have been in B. have been to

C. have gone to D. have been

18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?

A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they

19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?

A. How soon, comes B. How often, got

C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

20、His uncle for more than 9 years.

A. has come here B. has started to work

C. has lived there D. has left the university

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