2021考博英語詞匯語法題：非謂語動(dòng)詞

考博英語詞匯與語法題一般測(cè)試要求一般包括以下幾個(gè)：考生掌握詞匯、短語及基本語法概念的熟練程度；要求考生掌握并能正確運(yùn)用從事學(xué)術(shù)研究與交流所需要的語法知識(shí)；認(rèn)知15000詞，并且能正確、熟練地運(yùn)用其中的8000個(gè)單詞及其最基本的搭配。為幫助大家更好的復(fù)習(xí)這類題型，希賽網(wǎng)考博英語頻道為大家整理了“考博英語詞匯語法題?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：非謂語動(dòng)詞”，一起來練習(xí)下吧。

動(dòng)詞不定式

1. 常用形式：

一般主動(dòng)式to do

一般被動(dòng)式to be done

完成主動(dòng)式to have done

完成被動(dòng)式to have been done

進(jìn)行式to be doing

2.語法功能：

可作主、表、賓、賓補(bǔ)、定和狀(即除謂語之外的各種成分)。

1)主語：To master a foreign language is very important.

2)表語：My job is to drive them to the company every day.

3)賓語：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?

Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

4)賓補(bǔ)：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.

I didn’t notice them come in.

注：see, watch, notice, hear ,have, make, let等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to, 但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)以后(即不定式作主補(bǔ)時(shí))要帶to, 其中l(wèi)et sb. do sth. 變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)式為sb. is let do sth.

help(幫助)后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式可帶to，也可不帶to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.

5)定語：不定式位于所修飾的名詞，代詞之后(當(dāng)一個(gè)詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的較高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，該名詞只能選不定式作后置定語)如：

Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday?

He is the man to depend on/to believe in.

6)狀語：

A.目的狀語：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her Chinese.

注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。

B.原因狀語： I’m glad to see you .

注：這種“be+形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，其不定式有時(shí)也可視為賓語，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.

C.結(jié)果狀語：They lived to see t he liberation of their home town.

他們一直活到見到家鄉(xiāng)解放。

△在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)中表“太…結(jié)果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.

注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非?！?、“很”意，此時(shí)不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他們很幸運(yùn)去國(guó)外訪問。

另外，too后如果是happy, glad之類形容詞時(shí)，不定式也表肯定意，

如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.

Can’t...too... “再...也不為過”“越...越好”

You can't be too careful when crossing the road.

△ 在“形容詞/副詞+enough+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中表“足以能…”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .

△ only to do

3.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式(for sb. to do sth.)

可作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。for 本身無意義，sb.可稱之為不定式的邏輯主語。例如：I think it is necessary for him to go there at once.(復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式作賓語)

注：當(dāng)作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì),性格或特征時(shí)，不用for, 而用of,

如：It is kind of you to help me .(相當(dāng)于You are kind to help me .)這類形容詞有g(shù)ood,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite(不禮貌)等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：It’s right/wrong for/of him to do the work alone.

4.疑問詞+不定式：

可作主語、表語或賓語。

如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.(主語)

We don’t know when and where to go .(賓語)

5.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式(not to do sth.)

語法功能同不定式肯定式。

6.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系：

1)一般式：表示的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動(dòng)作之后，或沒有時(shí)間限制。例如：

They often watch us play table tennis.(與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí))

She hopes to go there again.(在謂語動(dòng)作之后)

It is necessary and important to read English every day.(無時(shí)間限制)

The factory to make radios is over there.(無時(shí)間限制)

2)完成式：表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.

3)進(jìn)行式：表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作/與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：

She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.

7.不定式的被動(dòng)式：

名詞、代詞為不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，一般用不定式被動(dòng)式，

What is to be done is unknown /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.

分詞

1.分詞形式：有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。過去分詞只有一種形式，現(xiàn)在分詞則有：

一般主動(dòng)式doing

一般被動(dòng)式being done

完成主動(dòng)式having done

完成被動(dòng)式having been done

2.語法功能：在句中作定語、表語、賓補(bǔ)、狀語。

3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：

1)語態(tài)不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)概念，及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。例如：the moving film 動(dòng)人的電影，the moved girl 受感動(dòng)的姑娘，a running machine 一臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的機(jī)器， a stolen car 一輛被盜的汽車

注：關(guān)于心理狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式表主動(dòng)意，-ed 形式表被動(dòng)意，詳見該講后的專題。

2)時(shí)間關(guān)系上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過去分詞往往表已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。

例如：a developing country 發(fā)展中的，a developed country發(fā)達(dá)的,boiling water正在開著的水,boiled water開水,falling leaves正在徐徐飄落的樹葉,fallen leaves落葉

4.現(xiàn)在分詞的基本用法：

1)一般主動(dòng)式用法：

A.作定語：The sleeping child is only five years old.(=The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(=The girl who is writing a letter there can…)

The factory making TV sets is very large.(=The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)

B.作表語：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.

C.作賓補(bǔ)：學(xué)用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have,make，let， keep等動(dòng)詞之后。

例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Don’t keep the students doing homework all day.

注：上述動(dòng)詞后跟省to不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作的全過程，而不是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)則表示正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作。例如：A:I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing不可改為sing) B:Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改為singing)

have sb. do sth. 與have sb. doing sth. 的區(qū)別：前者h(yuǎn)ave=let,

者h(yuǎn)ave 有時(shí)表“keep”意，有時(shí)表“employ(雇用)”意。如：

I’ll have him go with me.我將讓他和我一塊去。

I’ll have him working in my company.我將雇用他在我公司里工作。

Don’t have the machine working all day .不要讓機(jī)器整天工作。

D.作狀語：

①時(shí)間狀語：Reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life.

②原因狀語：Being ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday.

③方式或伴隨狀語：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

2)完成主動(dòng)式用法：

這種分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，一般在句

作時(shí)間或原因狀語用，不能作定語用。例如：

Having finished her homework,she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.

3)一般被動(dòng)式用法：

表示正在發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，在句中作定語或狀語。

例如：The car being repaired is mine.(=The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired,the car can’t be used.(=As/Because it is being repaired,the car can’t be used.)

4)完成被動(dòng)式用法：

表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，在句中多作狀語，不能作定語。

例如：Having been praised a second time , I decided to make still greater progress.

5.過去分詞的基本用法：

1)作定語：The stolen car was found by the police last week.

The car stolen last week was found by the police

The car which was stolen last weekwas found by the police

2)作表語：The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom,the door was locked.

3)作賓補(bǔ)：You must have /make/ let your hair cut.

You must have /make / let sb. cut your hair.

Sb. must be had /made to cut your hair.

Sb. must be let cut your hair.

4)作狀語：Given more time(If we were given more time ) ,we can do the work much better.

6.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：

當(dāng)分詞有它自己的獨(dú)立主語(不同于句子主語的名詞或代詞)時(shí)，則是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式，在句中作狀語、定語等。例如：

The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(=When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home .(=There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)

There to be a heavy rain,We must take a umbrella.

7.使用現(xiàn)在分詞的幾個(gè)注意點(diǎn)：

(1)作狀語用的現(xiàn)在分詞，其邏輯主語必須同句中主語為同一人或同一事，

Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.(正)

(Standing=When we stood)

Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.(誤)

Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.(正)

(Having found= After finding=After/When they had found)

Having found the cause, the experiment continued.(誤)

Seen from the earth ,the moon look like a golden Plate.

Seeing from the earth, we can see the moon look like a golden plate.

(2)短暫動(dòng)詞(即瞬間動(dòng)詞)的現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式不可作賓補(bǔ)或定語。例如：

He saw the old man knocked down by the car.

(knocked down不可改為being knocked down或having been knocked down)

Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改為being bought或having been bought)

<2>現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式與過去分詞用法的區(qū)別：

現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式與過去分詞都有被動(dòng)意，但其用法是有區(qū)別的：

(1)作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，being done表示一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，done則表示一個(gè)已發(fā)生過的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或沒有時(shí)間性的狀態(tài)。例如：

being built

built

Do you see the hospital there?

正在建造的

建好的

你看見了那邊那個(gè) 醫(yī)院?jiǎn)?

The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在蘇伊士運(yùn)河處與亞洲相連的洲是非洲。(句中connected無時(shí)間性)

(2)作原因狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式與過去分詞可以互換。例如：

Being led(=Led )by the Party ,the Chinese people have won great victories.

(3)作方式或伴隨狀語，不用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式，而用過去分詞。例如：

The soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing.

(4)作時(shí)間狀語，若動(dòng)作先于句子的謂語動(dòng)作，且有具體過去時(shí)間，不可用being done或完成被動(dòng)式having been done。

例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.

如果沒有具體過去時(shí)間狀語，可用過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式having been done。例如：

Discussed(=Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at last.

如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞狀語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在謂語動(dòng)作之前，則宜用現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式，而不用過去分詞。例如：

Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.

(5)在have/make/let,get之后宜用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，不用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式或不定式被動(dòng)式作賓補(bǔ)。例如：I’ll have my hair cut.(cut不能改為being cut或to be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改為being repaired或to be repaired)

(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等動(dòng)詞后，多用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，少用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式作賓補(bǔ)。例如

The speaker couldn’t make himself heard.(一般不說being heard)

He wanted his house painted.(一般不說being painted)

8.心理狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式與-ed形式

所謂心理狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞是指含有使動(dòng)意，使人產(chǎn)生某種情感、心理變化的動(dòng)詞。如：surprise使驚訝;interest使感興趣。它們的-ing形式含主動(dòng)意義，-ed形式含被動(dòng)意義。皆可視為形容詞。例如：surprising令人驚訝的，interesting令人感興趣的;surprised(因…)感到驚訝的，interested(因…)感到興趣的。下面的句子可顯示兩者的區(qū)別：

The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.

She was much surprised at the surprising news.

已學(xué)的心理狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：

astonish,bore(使厭煩),delight,disappoint,discourage,encourage,

excite,frighten,interest,move(使感動(dòng))，please(使高興),puzzle(使迷惑),satisfy(使?jié)M意),surprise,shock,tire(使疲勞),trouble,upset(使不安),worry

它們的-ing形式多和物連用，如：The news is pleasing/exciting./a boring report(一個(gè)令人厭煩的報(bào)告),a tiring walk(累人的步行)。

它們的-ed形式多和人連用，如：an excited girl,/I′m tired.

但是也有-ing形式和人連用，-ed形式和物連用的現(xiàn)象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的領(lǐng)袖，an amusing girl一個(gè)討人喜歡的女孩，a puzzled expression一種迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了驚嚇的聲音說著話。

動(dòng)名詞

1.形式同現(xiàn)在分詞有四種:

一般主動(dòng)式doing

一般被動(dòng)式being done

完成主動(dòng)式having done

完成被動(dòng)式having been done

2.動(dòng)名詞的基本用法：

作主語：Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /It isn’t necessary explaining to him. /It’s no use waiting here.

作表語：My hobby(愛好)is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.

作賓語：When he came in , we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fond of dancing ? /The boy isn’t worth teaching.

注 有些動(dòng)詞后只能跟不定式作賓語。有些動(dòng)詞后只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，有些動(dòng)詞后跟不定式。動(dòng)名詞作賓語含義不同。詳見第6點(diǎn)。

作定語：This is her father’s walking stick.

1. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

形式：his/him working there, Wang Dong’s/Wang Dong working

there

語法功能：

作主語：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.(動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首作主語時(shí)，只能用sb’s的形式，此句中的Your不可改為You。)

作賓語：I don’t like his/him staying with us.

作表語：My joy is his winning the table-tennis game.(his不能改為him)

2. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式：

動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作為一種時(shí)間要領(lǐng)不強(qiáng)的或泛指的動(dòng)作，或是與句中謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生?；蛟谥^語之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，則要用完成式。例如：

We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.

lending g

在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等動(dòng)詞之后/某些介詞后/某些習(xí)慣用語中，用動(dòng)名詞的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：

having lent

I remember him some money before.

promising

having promised

He forgot me that.

After finishing his homework (=Having finished his homework) , he went out for a walk.

3. 動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式

如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為動(dòng)名詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者，這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞就要用被動(dòng)式。例如：The problem is far from being settled.

動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式往往用一般被動(dòng)式來代替，以免句子顯得累贅。例如：

I still remember being invited(代替having been invited)by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.

4. 動(dòng)名詞與不定式作主語、賓語的用法比較

作主語：

(1)多數(shù)情況兩者可以互換。例如：Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.

Talking is easy and doing is difficult.=To talk is easy and to do is difficult.

(2)如果表示一種具體、短期的行為，或表示將來的行為，宜用不定式。例如：

It took him two hours to finish the work.

To be a scientist is his desire(愿望).

(3)如果表示一種經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性、長(zhǎng)期性的行為，一般用動(dòng)名詞。例如：

Getting up early is a good habit.

作賓語：

(1) 有些動(dòng)詞跟不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語皆可，意義也差不多，主要有：

begin, start,continue, love, prefer等。

(2) 有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語，主要有：

wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse, decide.

(3) 有些動(dòng)詞后只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，已學(xué)過的這類詞有：

finish, imagine, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, can’t help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off(延遲)=delay, suggest.feel like, look forward to,devote…to(doing),be worth ,appreciate.

(4)有些動(dòng)詞后跟不定式、動(dòng)名詞意義有明顯差別，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on

A.forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事

forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事

=forget having done sth.

=forget to have done sth.

B.remember to do sth. 記住要做某事 remember doing sth.記住做過某事

C.regret to do sth. 遺憾(要)做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事

D.stop to do sth. 停下(原事)去做某事(不定式作目的狀語)

stop doing sth. 停止做某事

E.mean to do sth. 決意/打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味/表明做某事

F.try to do sth. 努力/設(shè)法去做某事

try doing sth. 試圖/嘗試用某一方法做某事

G.want/need/require to do sth. 要/想做某事

want/need/require doing(=to be done). 需要/想要被…

H.go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做不同的事 go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做相同的事

專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

1. Colors can make us happy or sad.

A. to feel B. feeling C. felt D. feel

2. All of them want sth. for you.

A. do B. to do C. doing D. did

3. Let’s stop . I know a great restaurant near here.

A. to have a meal B. to have a rest C. having a rest D. having a meal

4. Remember the book in time when you finish .

A. to return, reading B. to return, to read

C. returning, reading D. returning, to read

5. Although he was a child, he tries to find ways people life.

A. to help, enjoy B. help, enjoy C. to help, enjoying D. help, enjoying

6. My aunt enjoys in the countryside.

A. lives B. to live C. living D. live

7. —Nancy, you may listen to the radio. But would you mind ? Your father is sleeping.

—I’m sorry. I’ll do it right now.

A. turning it down B. turning it up C. turn it on D. turn it off

8. We often see him the old man with the housework.

A. help B. helps C. helped D. to help

9. It’s very nice pictures for me.

A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing

10. Our teacher often told us in this river.

A. don’t swim B. don’t to swim C. not swim D. not to swim

11. It’s important the piano well.

A. of him to play B. for him to play C. of him playing D. for him playing

12. Smoking is bad for your health, you’d better .

A. give it up B. take it out C. giving it up D. look it up

13. Yesterday he was busy for the math test.

A. studied B. studies C. study D. studying

14. I’m too tired. Let’s stop a rest.

A. have B. will have C. having D. to have

15. Our teacher made Tom the text after school.

A. write B. writes C. wrote D. would write

答案

1~5: DBAAA 6~10: CAAAD 11~15: BADDA

注：以上內(nèi)容來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)，可聯(lián)系客服刪除。