考博英語語法知識點:關(guān)系代詞

考博英語 責(zé)任編輯:胡陸 2020-10-26

摘要:語法的學(xué)習(xí)可以是是英語學(xué)習(xí)中最難理解的了,那么怎么復(fù)習(xí)考博英語語法呢?希賽網(wǎng)英語頻道為大家分享相關(guān)內(nèi)容,更多考試相關(guān)資訊,請關(guān)注希賽網(wǎng)考博英語頻道。

語法的復(fù)習(xí)是比較枯燥的,同時對于參加博士生入學(xué)考試的學(xué)員來說,基礎(chǔ)語法的學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)是很久之前的事情了。要想在短期內(nèi)提高語法基本功,最理想的辦法就是復(fù)習(xí)語法知識和做題。以下是小編為大家整理分享的考博英語常見的語法知識點內(nèi)容,希望能給大家提供幫助。

?指人的關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, that 的用法:

(1) 作主語(who, that )

the man who/that is talking with mr. wang is a famous doctor.

正在和王先生說話的那個人是一個有名的醫(yī)生。

在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動詞is talking的主語。

這個復(fù)合句可以還原成兩個句子:the man is a famous doctor. he is talking with mr. wang.

(2) 作賓語包括作介詞賓語(whom, that )。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;

this is just the man (whom/that) i want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人。

在本句中,先行詞是the man;關(guān)系代詞whom/that引導(dǎo)定語從句,同時代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動詞want 的賓語。

(3) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語時,不能用that,也不能省略,

如:the book from which i got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.

我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書是一位著名科學(xué)家寫的。

?指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that的用法:

1. 作主語

this is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.

這是那本教你如何操作計算機的說明手冊。

2. 作賓語包括作介詞賓館。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略:

the chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.

你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修理。

3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定語。of which 可用whose 代替;

the car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s.

那輛所有的燈都破了的汽車是我父親的。

4.關(guān)系代詞的格應(yīng)與它在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠恢?。特別要注意插入語,

如:peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. peter 是那個人人都認為不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入語)

5.關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時,從句的動詞必須和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)一致:

例:these are the operating instructions that/which are written in english 。

這就是用英文寫成的使用說明。

6.非限定性定語從句不用that,只用who(whose, whom)和which代表人和物;

例:her brothers, both of whom work in america, ring her up every week。

她的兄弟們——兩個人都在美國工作——每個星期都給她打電話。

7.關(guān)系副詞(=介詞+關(guān)系代詞):

例:i shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met.

我永遠也不會忘記我們第一次見面的那一天。

this is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live.

這就是我父母以前住過的房子。

注意事項:

(1)在非正式場合, that有時可用來代替關(guān)系副詞或相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞的“介詞+which”,而且經(jīng)常全部省略,

如:in all the years that (=when/during which) i was at collage

在我讀大學(xué)的那些年里

the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy

他不高興的理由

(2)是用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞:

關(guān)系詞(包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)是學(xué)習(xí)英語定語從句的關(guān)鍵。用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞,一要看關(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中作什么成分;二要看關(guān)系詞所代表的是人、物、時間、地點還是原因;三要看所引導(dǎo)的是限定性定語從句還是非限定性定語從句。所以同樣的先行詞會有不同的關(guān)系詞,這是因為關(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)淖饔貌煌鴽Q定的。

如:this is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the new year.

這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。(充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語)

this is the house where she lives.這是她住的房子。

【比較:this is the house (that/which) she has bought. 這是她買的房子。this is the house that/which i’ve told you is extremely expensive.這就是我和你說過極其昂貴的那幢房子?!?/p>

that is the reason why he did not come that morning.

那就是那天上午他沒來的原因。

(3)定語從句中的時態(tài)。如果主句是一般將來時或過去將來時,從句的動作與主句的同時發(fā)生,那么該從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時、用一般過去時表示過去將來時。

例:anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock.

任何碰這根電線的人將受到電擊。(不用will touch)

注:①先行詞有較高級形容詞修飾時,常用that,而不用which:

例:edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.

愛迪生是曾經(jīng)有過的最偉大的發(fā)明家之一。

②先行詞有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等時,常用that, 而不用which:

例:he was the first man that we saw in the village.

他是我們在那個村子里看到的第一個人。

there is little that is interesting.

沒什么令人感興趣。

③當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時,用that,不用which,

如:we were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited.

我們參觀過的工人及他們的工作條件留下了深刻印象。

④在same和such之后,定語從句用as引導(dǎo),

如:let’s discuss only such questions as concern us.

讓我們只討論與我們有關(guān)的問題。

such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china.

我們車間使用的這種機器是中國制造的。

但是,如果從句和主句的動作在將來不同的時間發(fā)生,則兩部分都要用來將來時,

as 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用來修飾整個句子。當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時,后面常接下列句型。如:as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。

例如:as we all know, mr. wang is a good teacher.

as is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.

he is tired, as you can see.

as i expected, he didn’t believe me.

as 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別:當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時,用as;反之,用which。

如:he made a long speech, as was expected.

he made a long speech, which was unexpected.

tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

但是,如果從句和主句的動作在將來不同的時間發(fā)生,則兩部分都要用來將來時,

注:⑤在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,也可用復(fù)雜介詞,如:by means of (用,依靠),as a result of (作為結(jié)果)等:

例:i have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated from the same university .

我有三個孩子:一個女兒、兩個兒子,他們都畢業(yè)于同一所大學(xué)。

the police, in whom i have great confidence, are trying to find out who did it.

我對警察有極大的信心,他們正在努力尋找是誰做的這件事。

注:⑥一個先行詞后面可以跟一個以上的定語從句,這種現(xiàn)象叫雙重關(guān)系從句:

例:here are some words which are often used but which are very confusing.

這里有些常用但非?;靵y的詞。

he is the only person that i can find who is able to solve the problem.

他是我能找到的解決這個問題的人。

但是當(dāng)介詞放在從句末尾時,作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略。

如上頭兩句可改為:

the book (that /which) i got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.

who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?

注:以上內(nèi)容來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò),如有侵權(quán),可聯(lián)系客服刪除。

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