全國醫(yī)學考博英語統(tǒng)考必背作文范文（四）

作文是醫(yī)學考博英語考內(nèi)容，所占分值比較高?？忌枰炀氄莆湛疾┯⒄Z作文的寫作類型。希賽網(wǎng)考研英語頻道為大家分享2020考博英語必背作文范文匯總，希望能給各位考生備考英語助力。

children with autism have difficulty with social skills and communication. they often behave in restricted and repetitive ways and have what seem likeabnormally intense interests.

a widely used medical guide will list autism under a new definition and name, "autism spectrum disorder." the changes will appear in the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, to be published in may.

the "spectrum" represents a group of developmental brain disorders, ranging from mild to severely disabling. a milder form commonly calledasperger's syndrome will no longer be listed as a separate disorder with its own name.

autism is more common in boys than girls. what causes it is not clear. scientists are studying genes and possible environmental influences.

doctors usually cannot confirm a diagnosis of autism until a child is about three years old. rebecca landa is a researcher at the kennedy kriegerinstitute and johns hopkins university school of medicine inmaryland.professor landa wanted to find out what differences in development might beseen earlier. she led a new study that observed 235 babies between six and 36months of age.

"at six months of age, the signs of somerisk for developing communication and social delays, including autism, include motor delays. like when you lay your baby on their back and you pull them by the arms gently into a seated position, the baby's head may nod back behind the shoulders, like poor head control. so that does not mean that the baby is going to have autism,but it does mean the baby needs to have some exercises to strengthen their body. and when they strengthen their body, they are better able to play with toys and engage with people, which then goes on to help them have better outcomes."

by the time a baby is one year old, signs of possible autism include difficulty in using words and not looking eye-to-eye or reaching out toother people. by 14 months, the baby might smile less and use language less. however, professor landa says these signs can be so small that they might be missed during a short health exam.

"it's important for parents to stay tuned in to their children's development, and if a parent is concerned about a child's development, for professionals to listen to them."

the earlier parents notice delays, she says, the sooner they can begin doing simple things that may help improve their child's development. for example: talking to the child about what they are doing, commenting when the child shows them something, and playing simple games that keep the child's attention.

new words and phrases

1.autism [??:t?z?m] n. 孤獨癥（也稱為自閉癥）

2.restricted [r??str?kt?d] adj. 有受限制的

3.epetitive [r??pet?t?v] adj. 重復的

4.abnormally [?b'n?:m?l?] adv. 不正常地

5.autism spectrum disorder 孤獨癥譜系障礙

6.diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders《精神障礙病人的診斷和統(tǒng)計手冊》

7.spectrum [?spektr?m] n.范圍; 系列;

8.asperger's syndrome 阿斯伯格綜合征

9.confirm [k?n?f?:m] vt. [法]確認，批準; 證實

10.kennedy krieger institute：約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)學院下的一個非營利機構，專門治療兒童和青少年學習障礙方面的問題。

11.johns hopkins university school of medicine約翰霍普金斯大學醫(yī)學院（美國頂尖醫(yī)學院，位于馬里蘭州的巴爾的摩市集科研教學醫(yī)療與一體。其附屬醫(yī)院霍普金斯醫(yī)院連續(xù)22年來全美醫(yī)院排名第一。）

12.maryland [?m??ril?nd]馬里蘭

13.motor delays [?m??t?（r）] [di?leiz] 運動發(fā)育遲緩

15.strengthen [?stre?θn] v. 加強

16.reach out（使）伸出

17.stay tuned 繼續(xù)關注后期發(fā)展

translation 翻譯

患有孤獨癥的兒童會有社交和溝通障礙，他們的行為會有限制性和重復性，還有一些看似古怪的強烈興趣。

廣泛使用的醫(yī)療指南將把孤獨癥列入新的定義和名稱，即“孤獨癥譜系障礙”。這一點將出現(xiàn)在今年五月出版的《精神疾病診斷和統(tǒng)計手冊》第五版中。

譜系代表了大腦發(fā)育障礙從輕度到重度的一個群體，輕度障礙的艾斯伯格綜合癥不再被單獨列為一種疾病。

孤獨癥在男孩中比女孩中更為常見，病因尚不清楚，科學家正在研究基因和可能的環(huán)境影響。

在孩子三歲之前，醫(yī)生通常無法確證孤獨癥。麗貝卡·藍達是位于馬里蘭州的約翰霍普金斯大學醫(yī)學院和肯尼迪克里格研究所的研究者，藍達教授希望發(fā)育的早期差異，她發(fā)起的新研究觀察了6到36個月的235名嬰兒。

“六個月時，會看到溝通和社交障礙的跡象，包括孤獨癥和多動障礙。讓嬰兒平躺下，輕輕地拉著胳膊讓他們坐起來，孩子的頭可能會耷拉在背后，好像是頭部控制有困難。但這并不意味著孩子會患上孤獨癥，但意味著孩子需要強化練習來加強身體。只要加強身體練習，孩子就能更好地玩玩具和與人交往，這就有利于更好的發(fā)育?！?/p>

孩子一歲的時候，孤獨癥的可能跡象包括語言困難，無法與人對視或接觸。14個月時，孩子笑的少，說的少。然而，藍達教授說這些跡象很不明顯，簡單的健康檢查可能無法檢查到。

“重要的是家長要一直關注孩子的發(fā)育，如果家長關心孩子的成長，專業(yè)人士聽取他們的意見就很重要。”

她說，父母越早發(fā)現(xiàn)這些障礙，就能越早地做些簡單的調(diào)整幫助孩子發(fā)育。比如，和孩子聊聊他們在做什么，當孩子展示什么東西時做出評價，做些簡單的游戲維持孩子的注意力。