醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語閱讀理解模擬題（一）

To say that the child learns by imitation that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must tum to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see. monkey do".

Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.

There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

In finding trial responses. the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole. he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

1. By the last sentence of the first paragraph, the author_____.

A) compares children’s behaviors to monkeys'

B) tells us that children do not learn by imitation

C) thinks it is partial to regard imitation as "Monkey see, monkey do"

D) means that children should not learn by imitating their parents

2. The first element at work when a child learns by imitation is_____.

A) the need to find a way to attain the desired goal

B) the desire to be acknowledged by his social group

C) the desire to find an expert authority

D) the need to find a way to avoid criticism

3. According to the third paragraph, besides achieving his goals. a child should also learn to_____.

A) attain his desired results as soon as possible

B) show his love for his parents friends

C) talk in a low voice

D) behave properly

4. It can be inferred that children usually imitate people_____.

A) who do not scold them

B) who they want to be like

C) who have a high social status

D) who give them many rewards

5. The last two paragraphs are mainly about_____.

A) how children learn by imitation

B) the motive of children’s imitation

C) how children choose models

D) how imitation influence children’s growth

參考譯文:

有人斷言孩子們通過模仿來學(xué)習(xí)。而教育的方式就是樹立好的榜樣，這是把問題過于簡單化了。沒有一個孩子是看到什么就模仿什么的。有時，他無視家長希望他效仿的榜樣，反而向其他榜樣學(xué)一些截然相反的方式。如此我們應(yīng)當(dāng)放棄“小猴看樣學(xué)樣”的觀點，轉(zhuǎn)而探索更深奧的理論。

從孩子的立場來看看這個問題。他在新情況下，沒有形成現(xiàn)成的反應(yīng)。他尋找一個能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)一定目的的反應(yīng)。如果他對這一新情況既沒有現(xiàn)成反應(yīng)，又不能想出該怎么去做，他會選擇一個榜樣來觀察，這個榜樣看起來能獲得正確的結(jié)果，他會尋找一個能指導(dǎo)他如何去做的權(quán)威或希賽網(wǎng)。

這種情況下還有一種因素在起作用。孩子們也許能夠立刻實現(xiàn)他們的直接目標(biāo)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他的這種做法遭到其監(jiān)護(hù)人的批評。當(dāng)他隔著屋子大聲喊叫著傳話的時候，他被極力告誡叫嚷是不禮貌的，他應(yīng)當(dāng)走進(jìn)隔壁房間，安靜地說。這樣一來，單純應(yīng)付客觀情況的愿望就被恰當(dāng)處理該情況的愿望壓倒。孩子們較早就知道的事情之一就是，當(dāng)他的父母滿意他的反應(yīng)時，他就會得到更多的關(guān)愛和表揚。后來進(jìn)一步得知別的大人獎勵一些行為而批評另一些行為。如果一個人想要保持自尊和別人對他的支持，他就必須采取被其所處的社會團體認(rèn)同的反應(yīng)。

在尋找可行的反應(yīng)時，學(xué)習(xí)者不會隨便選擇模仿對象。他模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人，而避免模仿那些社會身份他自己并不認(rèn)同的人。如果這個學(xué)生想成為一個卓越的小提琴手，他就會觀察并模仿一個出色琴手的技巧，而另外某個人則最可能影響他接近書籍。

對一個人某一方面品質(zhì)的崇拜常常使我從整體上崇拜這個人，于是他成了名人。我們把一些人當(dāng)成各種情形下模仿的對象，模仿他們的一舉一動。我們知道他們是可靠、值得模仿的對象，因為模仿他們可以走向成功。

參考答案及解析：

1.作者第一段的最后一句話______。

A)將兒童的行為與猴子的行為作了比較

B)告訴我們兒童不是靠模仿來學(xué)習(xí)的

C)告訴我們，作者認(rèn)為把模仿看做“有樣學(xué)樣”是不全面的

D)意思是孩子不應(yīng)該通過模仿父母來學(xué)習(xí)

答案：C

解析：首段末句提到，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)放棄“小猴看樣學(xué)樣”的觀點，轉(zhuǎn)而探索型深奧的理論。而文章首句中也說斷言孩子們通過模仿來學(xué)習(xí)是把問題過于簡單化了。結(jié)合這兩句可知，認(rèn)為模仿就是“小猴看樣學(xué)樣”有失偏頗，因此選項C為正確答案。

2.孩子通過模仿來學(xué)習(xí)時，第一個起作用的因素是______。

A)需要找到一個方法來獲得想要的目標(biāo)

B)想要獲得他的社會群體的認(rèn)可

C)想要找到一個希賽網(wǎng)和權(quán)威

D)需要找到一個方法來避免受批評

答案：A

解析：第 2 段第 2、3 句提到，孩子處在新情況下，沒有形成現(xiàn)成的反應(yīng)。他尋找一個能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)一定目的的反應(yīng)。如果他對這個新情況既沒有現(xiàn)成反應(yīng)，又不能想出該怎么去做，就會想通過模仿來學(xué)習(xí)。所以在這個過程中起作用的第一個因素是尋找一個能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)一定目的的反應(yīng)，因此選項 A 為正確答案。

3.根據(jù)第三段講到的內(nèi)容，除了獲得目標(biāo)，兒童也應(yīng)該學(xué)會______。

A)盡快獲得他想要的結(jié)果

B)顯示出他愛父母和朋友

C)低聲說話

D)舉止得當(dāng)

答案：D

解析：第3段第2句提到，孩子們也許能夠立刻實現(xiàn)他們的直接目標(biāo)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他的這種做法遭到其監(jiān)護(hù)人的批評。接著通過舉例說明孩子還得學(xué)會舉止得當(dāng)。因此選項 D 為正確答案。

4.可以推論出，兒童通常會模仿______。

A)很少責(zé)罵自己的人

B)他們想要成為的人

C)有較高社會地位的人

D)給他們很多獎勵的人

答案：B

解析：第 4 段第 2 句提到，孩子會模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人，第3句舉例如果這個學(xué)生想成為一個卓越的小提琴手，他就會觀察并模仿一個出色琴手的技巧，也就是說他們會模仿那些他們想成為的人，因此選項 B 為正確答案。

5.最后兩段主要是講______。

A)兒童如何靠模仿來學(xué)習(xí)

B)兒童模仿的動機

C)兒童最可能選擇什么樣的人來模仿

D)模仿是怎樣影響兒童的成長的

答案：C

解析：文章倒數(shù)第 2、3 段提到，“學(xué)習(xí)者不會隨便選擇模仿對象”，“他模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人”，“我們知道他們是可靠、值得模仿的對象，因為模仿他們可以走向成功”，可見最后兩段都是關(guān)于如何選擇榜樣的，所以選項 C 為正確答案。