考博英語閱讀模擬練習(xí)題附詳細(xì)答案解析(5)

考博英語閱讀模擬練習(xí)題附詳細(xì)答案解析

考博英語閱讀理解題型想要獲得平日的練習(xí)必不可少，希賽網(wǎng)考博英語頻道為考博生們整理了考博英語閱讀理解模擬練習(xí)題，希望考博生們做題時(shí)注意時(shí)間，認(rèn)真對(duì)待，題后有詳細(xì)的答案解析，供大家參考學(xué)習(xí)。希望能為大家在考博中提供到幫助。

John Kao is an innovation guru described as “Mr Creativity” by thisnewspaper a decade ago. Now he is concerned about America losing its globallead and becoming “the fat, complacent Detroit of nations”. In his new book,“Innovation Nation”, he points to warning signs, such as America'sunderinvestment in physical infrastructure, its slow start on broadband, itspitiful public schools and its frostiness toward immigrants since September11th 2001—even though immigrants provided much of America's creativity.What America needs, he reckons, is a big push by federal government to promoteinnovation, akin to the Apollo space project that put a man on the moon

As head of California's Stanford Research Institute, Mr Carlson knows thestrengths of Silicon Valley from first-hand experience. And yet here he isinsisting that America's information technology, services and medical-devicesindustries are about to be lost. “I predict that millions of jobs will bedestroyed in our country, like in the 1980s when American firms refused toadopt total-quality management techniques while the Japanese surged ahead.” Theonly way out, he insists, is “to learn the tools of innovation” and forgeentirely new, knowledge-based industries in energy technology, biotechnologyand other science-based sectors.

It is natural to be sceptical of such dour arguments and calls forgovernment action. After all, the United States still leads in innovation. Whetherit is by traditional measures, like spending on research and the number ofpatents registered, or less tangible but more important ones, like the numberof entrepreneurial start-ups, levels of venture-capital funding or thepayback from new inventions, America is invariably at the top of the league.Indeed, the Council on Competitiveness recently concluded in a report that, byand large, the outlook is bright for America.

Yet the same council's innovation task force also gave warning that othercountries are making heavy investments that threaten to erode America'sposition. It would like a big push in four areas: improving science,engineering and maths education; welcoming skilled immigrants; beefing upgovernment spending on basic research; and offering tax incentives to spur “US-based innovation.”

These are mostly sensible recommendations because they focus on thoseframework conditions and bits of infrastructure that the market would notprovide on its own. Where such prescriptions tend to go awry is whenthey argue for specific subsidies or tax breaks for favoured industries (likesupporting only “US-based” innovation in today's worldof global creative networks). After all, the Schumpeterian forces ofcreative destruction must be allowed to work their magic.

Resiliencein the face of those disruptive forces gave Silicon Valley the edge over itsnearest high-tech rival, Boston's Route 128 technology corridor. Both clusterswere riding high until the personal computer and distributed-computing changedthe market. Firms went through wrenching change, but those in northernCalifornia, like Hewlett-Packard and Xerox, emerged stronger than those nearBoston, like Digital Equipment and Wang—which no longer exist. As Berkeley'sAnnaLee Saxenian has shown, Silicon Valley's champions were nimble andnetworked but those on Route 128 were brittle, top-down bureaucracies.

1. John Kao compares America to “Detroit of nations” because______

[A] Detroit is the representative of innovation.

[B] Detroit is experiencing the decline of similar nature.

[C] Detroit paid less attention to creativity.

[D] Detroit lacks the push by federal government.

2. The word “dour” (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means_____

[A] serious.

[B] exaggerated.

[C] gloomy.

[D] false.

3. Towards the outlook of America’s innovation, the Council on Competitiveness’s attitude is_____

[A] ambitious.

[B] optimistic.

[C] ambiguous.

[D] reserved.

4. Which one of the following statemetns is NOT true of America’s position on innovation?

[A] It is still in the lead of the whole world.

[B] It is threatened by the Schumpeterian forces of creative destruction.

[C] It is facing great chanllenges brought by some countries paying great attention on innovation.

[D] It needs a big push so as to keep ahead.

5. Firms on Route 128 were not so competitive as Silicon Valley due to _____

[A] its lack of quick and appropriate response to new development.

[B] its wrenching change of computer technologies.

[C] its fragile and inefficient structure.

[D] its poor and inflexible management.

文章剖析：

這篇文章主要介紹了美國創(chuàng)新方面的現(xiàn)狀和面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。第一、二段講述對(duì)于美國未來創(chuàng)新能力的一些懷疑觀點(diǎn);第三段講述美國創(chuàng)新方面的現(xiàn)狀;第四段是對(duì)美國政府提出的一些建議;第五段分析了這些建議;第六段講述硅谷和128路在創(chuàng)新方面的不同。

詞匯注釋：

guru n. 領(lǐng)袖，頭頭 forge v. 加速形成

dour adj. 嚴(yán)厲的 entrepreneurial adj. 企業(yè)家的

awry adj. 錯(cuò)誤的，歪曲的 Schumpeterian adj.(奧地利裔美籍經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家)熊彼特的

wrench v. 猛拉，扭動(dòng)

難句突破:

(1) In his new book, “Innovation Nation”, he points to warning signs, such as America's underinvestment in physical infrastructure, its slow start on broadband, its pitiful public schools and its frostiness toward immigrants since September 11th 2001—even though immigrants provided much of America's creativity.

[主體句式] In his book, he points to warning signs.

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，such as后面是四個(gè)并列的名詞短語。

[句子譯文] 在他的新書《創(chuàng)新》中，他指出了一些危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)，比如美國在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施上投資不足、在寬帶方面啟動(dòng)較慢，以及可憐的公立學(xué)校，還有自2001年9月11日以來對(duì)移民的過嚴(yán)政策，盡管移民是美國創(chuàng)新的主導(dǎo)力量。

(2) Whether it is by traditional measures, like spending on research and the number of patents registered, or less tangible but more important ones, like the number of entrepreneurial start-ups, levels of venture-capital funding or the payback from new inventions, America is invariably at the top of the league.

[主體句式] Whether it is by …or…, America is …

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，前面的條件狀語從句中，like spending on …and the number of …是做前面traditional measures的定語，而like the number of …, levels of… or the payback…是做后面less tangible but more important ones的定語。

[句子譯文] 畢竟，美國依然是創(chuàng)新的領(lǐng)頭軍。無論評(píng)判的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是在研究方面的費(fèi)用、注冊(cè)的專利權(quán)的數(shù)量，還是不那么切實(shí)卻非常重要的一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)的數(shù)量、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的水平或新發(fā)明的回報(bào)等，美國一直處于領(lǐng)先地位。

題目分析：

1. John Kao compares America to “Detroit of nations” because______1. JohnKao將美國比為“中的底特律”，這是因?yàn)開____

[A] Detroit is the representative of innovation.[A] 底特律是創(chuàng)新的代表。

[B] Detroit is experiencing the decline of similar nature.[B] 底特律經(jīng)歷著相似性質(zhì)的衰退。

[C] Detroit paid less attention to creativity.[C] 底特律很少注意創(chuàng)新。

[D] Detroit lacks the push by federal government.[D] 底特律缺少聯(lián)邦政府的推動(dòng)。

[答案]B

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理題。根據(jù)第一段的上下文，John Kao擔(dān)心美國逐步喪失世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)，成為中的底特律，那么可以推斷底特律應(yīng)該是喪失了每一領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)，那么選項(xiàng)中，B與該意思最為接近。經(jīng)歷著衰退，也就意味著喪失了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。

2. The word “dour” (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means_____2. “dour” (第三段第一行)最有可能的意思為_____

[A] serious.[A] 嚴(yán)肅的。

[B] exaggerated.[B] 夸大的。

[C] gloomy.[C] 悲觀的。

[D] false.[D] 錯(cuò)誤的。

[答案]C

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆

[分析]猜詞題。根據(jù)上下文，所說的評(píng)論是指第一段、第二段提出的，這些評(píng)論都對(duì)美國的創(chuàng)新表示擔(dān)憂，對(duì)美國的地位不很樂觀，而下文提出美國其實(shí)目前的地位還在保持?？梢钥闯?，選項(xiàng)中C最為符合題意。

3. Towards the outlook of America’s innovation, the Council on Competitiveness’s attitude is_____2. 對(duì)于美國創(chuàng)新的前景，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)委員會(huì)的態(tài)度是_____

[A] ambitious.[A] 雄心勃勃的。

[B] optimistic.[B] 樂觀的。

[C] ambiguous.[C] 模棱兩可的。

[D] reserved.[D] 持保留態(tài)度的。

[答案]B

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

[分析]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)委員會(huì)近日在一個(gè)報(bào)告中總結(jié)說，美國的前景基本上還是光明的。第四段又提到創(chuàng)新特別工作組的警告。但整體來說，其對(duì)于美國創(chuàng)新的前景還是樂觀的，B是正確答案。

4. Which one of the following statemetns is NOT true of America’s position on innovation?4.關(guān)于美國在創(chuàng)新方面的地位，下列哪個(gè)陳述是錯(cuò)誤的?

[A] It is still in the lead of the whole world.[A] 美國仍處于世界領(lǐng)先地位。

[B] It is threatened by the Schumpeterian forces of creative destruction.[B] 美國受到熊彼特創(chuàng)造性摧毀力量的威脅。

[C] It is facing great chanllenges brought by some countries paying great attention on innovation.[C] 美國面臨其他重視創(chuàng)新的的挑戰(zhàn)

[D] It needs a big push so as to keep ahead.[D] 美國需要大的推動(dòng)以保證領(lǐng)先地位。

[答案]B

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 細(xì)節(jié)題。選項(xiàng)A，根據(jù)第三段可以看出美國在創(chuàng)新方面仍處于領(lǐng)先地位;選項(xiàng)B，第四段提到了熊彼特創(chuàng)造性摧毀力量，但并不是力量威脅美國，而是它一直在自己發(fā)揮作用，促進(jìn)許多改革和創(chuàng)新;選項(xiàng)C，第四段提到了一些投入資金較大的可能會(huì)侵蝕美國的地位，該陳述正確;選項(xiàng)D，全文多次提到了這一點(diǎn)。因此，答案為B。

5. Firms on Route 128 were not so competitive as Silicon Valley due to _____5.128路的公司沒有硅谷的公司更有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是因?yàn)開___

[A] its lack of quick and appropriate response to new development.[A] 缺乏對(duì)新發(fā)展的即使和合理反應(yīng)。

[B] its wrenching change of computer technologies.[B] 巨大的變化。

[C] its fragile and inefficient structure.[C] 脆弱和無效率的策略。

[D] its poor and inflexible management.[D] 管理較差且不靈活。

[答案] A

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 細(xì)節(jié)題。文章最后一段提到“這兩家一直很成功，直到后來個(gè)人電腦和分布式計(jì)算改變了市場(chǎng)。公司們經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化，但是北加利福尼亞的公司如Hewlett-Packard和施樂要比波士頓附近的公司如“數(shù)碼設(shè)備”和“王”(這些都不復(fù)存在了)要更強(qiáng)大些。正如伯克利的AnnaLee Saxenian說的，硅谷的冠軍都是機(jī)敏的、連成網(wǎng)的，而128路的都是脆弱的、自上而下的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)” ，可見兩個(gè)不同地區(qū)公司的區(qū)別，雖然他們都經(jīng)歷了巨大變化，但是硅谷卻因?yàn)槠潇`活要比128路公司更為強(qiáng)大，128路的缺陷主要在于官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的僵化。因此，選項(xiàng)中A最為符合。

參考譯文：

John Kao是一位創(chuàng)新管理者，十年前被本報(bào)稱作“發(fā)明大王”?，F(xiàn)在他擔(dān)心美國正在逐步喪失世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)，成為所有“中那個(gè)臃腫、自負(fù)的底特律”。在他的新書《創(chuàng)新》中，他指出了一些危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)，比如美國在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施上投資不足、在寬帶方面啟動(dòng)較慢，以及可憐的公立學(xué)校，還有自2001年9月11日以來對(duì)移民的過嚴(yán)政策，盡管移民是美國創(chuàng)新的主導(dǎo)力量。他認(rèn)為，美國需要的是聯(lián)邦政府大力推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新，就像計(jì)劃把人送到月球上的阿波羅太空一樣。

Carlson先生是加利福尼亞斯坦福研究院院長，他從自己的第一手經(jīng)驗(yàn)中深刻理解了硅谷的力量。但是現(xiàn)在他也堅(jiān)持說美國的信息技術(shù)、信息服務(wù)和醫(yī)療設(shè)備產(chǎn)業(yè)將要落后?！拔翌A(yù)計(jì)我們將損失成百萬的工作崗位，就象20世紀(jì)80年代美國公司拒絕采用全面質(zhì)量管理技術(shù)而日本卻在這方面走到了前頭一樣?！彼J(rèn)為，出路就是 “學(xué)習(xí)創(chuàng)新技術(shù)”， 并在能源科技、生物技術(shù)和其他科學(xué)領(lǐng)域建立全新的基于知識(shí)的產(chǎn)業(yè)。

人們很自然地要質(zhì)疑這些嚴(yán)峻的評(píng)論以及要求政府采取行動(dòng)的迫切呼吁。畢竟，美國依然是創(chuàng)新的領(lǐng)頭軍。無論評(píng)判的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是在研究方面的費(fèi)用、注冊(cè)的專利權(quán)的數(shù)量，還是不那么切實(shí)卻非常重要的一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)的數(shù)量、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的水平或新發(fā)明的回報(bào)等，美國一直處于領(lǐng)先地位。事實(shí)上，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)委員會(huì)近日在一個(gè)報(bào)告中總結(jié)說，美國的前景基本上還是光明的。

但是該委員會(huì)的創(chuàng)新特別工作組警告說其他也投入了巨大的資金，這可能威脅到美國的地位。該小組希望能推動(dòng)四個(gè)領(lǐng)域快速進(jìn)展：改進(jìn)科學(xué)、工程學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教育;歡迎技術(shù)移民;加強(qiáng)政府在基礎(chǔ)研究上的投入;利用稅收鼓勵(lì)來激勵(lì)“美國本土創(chuàng)新”。

這些是最明智的建議，因?yàn)槠溽槍?duì)的都是市場(chǎng)本身不能提供的結(jié)構(gòu)條件和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。這些建議的偏頗之處就在于要求給受惠的企業(yè)一些特別的補(bǔ)貼或減稅(如在全球創(chuàng)造網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界中支持“美國本地”的創(chuàng)新)?？傊仨毜迷试S熊彼特創(chuàng)造性摧毀力量發(fā)揮自己的威力。

面對(duì)破壞性力量的靈活性使得硅谷比起最有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的高科技對(duì)手——波士頓128路科技廊略勝一籌。這兩家一直很成功，直到后來個(gè)人電腦和分布式計(jì)算改變了市場(chǎng)，使得公司們經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化，但是北加利福尼亞的公司如Hewlett-Packard和施樂要比波士頓附近的公司如“數(shù)碼設(shè)備”和“王”(這些都不復(fù)存在了)要更強(qiáng)大些。正如伯克利的AnnaLee Saxenian所說，硅谷的冠軍都是機(jī)敏的、連成網(wǎng)絡(luò)的，而128路的都是脆弱的、自上而下的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)。