考博英語(yǔ)閱讀模擬練習(xí)題附詳細(xì)答案解析(2)

考博英語(yǔ)閱讀模擬練習(xí)題附詳細(xì)答案解析

考博英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題型想要獲得平日的練習(xí)必不可少，希賽網(wǎng)考博英語(yǔ)頻道為考博生們整理了考博英語(yǔ)閱讀理解模擬練習(xí)題，希望考博生們做題時(shí)注意時(shí)間，認(rèn)真對(duì)待，題后有詳細(xì)的答案解析，供大家參考學(xué)習(xí)。希望能為大家在考博中提供到幫助。

In the1990s New York City's success in cutting crimebecame a model forAmericaand the world. Innovative policing methods, guided by the “broken windows”philosophy of cracking down on minor offences to encourage a culture oflawfulness, showed that a seemingly hopeless situation could be turned around.It made the name of the mayor, Rudy Giuliani, now a presidential aspirant.

Hopelessis how many people feel about America's government-funded public schools,particularly in the dodgier parts ofbig cities, where graduation rates are shockingly low and many fail to achievebasic levels of literacy and numeracy. As with urbancrime, failing urban schools are preoccupying countries the world over. Andjust as New Yorkpointed the way on fighting crime, under another mayor, Michael Bloomberg, itis now emerging as a model for school reform.

OnNovember 5th Mr Bloomberg announced a new “report card” for the city's schools,designed to make them accountable for their performance. The highest-gradedschools will get an increased budget and perhaps a bonus for the principal.Schools that fail will not be tolerated: unless their performance improves,their principals will be fired, and if that does not do the trick, they will beclosed. This is the culmination of a series of reforms that began when MrBloomberg campaigned for, and won, direct control of the school system afterbecoming mayor in 2002. Even before the “report cards”, there have beenimpressive signs of improvement, including higher test scores and bettergraduation rates.

MrBloomberg has not been as brave with schools as Mr Giuliani was with crime.Oddly given his belief in competition, the former media mogul shunned the mostradical option—vouchers that allowparents to shop around beyond the public-schools system for their children'seducation. On the other hand, even supporters of school choice, like thisnewspaper, have to admit it is proving hard to sell. Nor has Mr Bloomberg madea big push to introduce large numbers of independent charter schools as exist,say, in Los Angeles.

Againstthis, Mr Bloomberg has provided an example of what a mayor with control ofschools can do even without embracing such controversial ideas. He has avoided inflammatory political terms—“meritpay” and “vouchers” are red rags to teachers' unions. Instead, byusing the carrot of pay rises to extract performance concessions fromprincipals and teachers, and by persuadingphilanthropists such as Bill Gates to pay for innovations that might behard to sell to the public if the public had to pay for them, he has put inplace a system based on transparency, accountability and competition that hehopes will achieve much the same effect.

Will it?A lot will depend on whether Mr Bloomberg's actions continue to match his toughtalk. Unless bad schools are indeed closed, his scheme will be as much good asa blackboard with no chalk. But there are some parallels with Mr Giuliani'scrime reforms. For the New York Police Department's giant CompStat database,which provided useful insight into crime patterns, read a new schoolsinformation system for students, parents, teachers and schools administratorsdesigned by IBM. For the concept of making precinctpolice captains personally accountable for reducing crime, read the grading ofschools and firing of failing principals.

1. Which one of the following actions may be carried out according to the “broken windows” philosophy?

[A] The police work hard on hopeless offences to create a lawful culture.

[B] The police make the punishment harsher for all kinds of crime.

[C] People are encouraged to give an immediate report about the crime nearby.

[D] Burglars are given a severe punishment.

2. The poor performance of America’s government-funded public schools in big cities is most probably due to_____

[A] a rampant growth of the urban crime.

[B] low rate of graduation and student literacy.

[C] the poor management of the schools in terms of teaching method and teacher qualification.

[D] certain reasons which are not mentioned in the passage.

3. Which one of the following is TURE of Mr Bloomberg’s reform on publcih schools?

[A] He was encouraged to establish a transparent and accountable system without controversial ideas.

[B] He was intentionally copying Mr Giuliani’s models in most aspects.

[C] He was moderate in taking measures to change the schools system.

[D] He adopted measures that were difficult for people to understand.

4. The phrase “red rag” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means______

[A] the bottom line.

[B] controversial ideas.

[C] irritative factors.

[D] sensitive topics.

5. Mr. Bloomberg’s scheme is compared to a blackboard with no chalk because_____

[A] his scheme is only empty talk.

[B] his scheme has not been implemented.

[C] his scheme sounds too good to be true.

[D] his scheme awaits to be rectified.

文章剖析：

這篇文章介紹了紐約市市長(zhǎng)在公立學(xué)校方面的改革。第一段講述紐約市前市長(zhǎng)在打擊罪犯方面的改革成功事例;第二段講述美國(guó)公立學(xué)校目前狀況堪憂，而現(xiàn)任市長(zhǎng)正在進(jìn)行改革;第三、四、五段講述他改革具體的方法和策略;第六段講述改革成效有待實(shí)際來(lái)證明，也提到了兩位市長(zhǎng)在改革方面有一些相似點(diǎn)。

詞匯注釋：

dodgy adj. 危險(xiǎn)的，難以管理的 mogul n. 顯要人物

shun v. 避免，避開(kāi) voucher n. 證書(shū)

inflammatory adj. 煽動(dòng)性的 philanthropist n. 慈善家

precinct n. 區(qū)域，范圍

難句突破：

(1) Innovative policing methods, guided by the “broken windows” philosophy of cracking down on minor offences to encourage a culture of lawfulness, showed that a seemingly hopeless situation could be turned around.

[主體句式] Innovative policing methods showed that…

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，帶有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句;guided by…是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。

[句子譯文] 新型的治安方法以“破窗戶”原理指導(dǎo)，嚴(yán)厲打擊小規(guī)模犯罪行為，鼓勵(lì)遵紀(jì)守法的文化，這說(shuō)明看起來(lái)沒(méi)有希望的情形仍可以被扭轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)來(lái)。

(2) Instead, by using the carrot of pay rises to extract performance concessions from principals and teachers, and by persuading philanthropists such as Bill Gates to pay for innovations that might be hard to sell to the public if the public had to pay for them, he has put in place a system based on transparency, accountability and competition that he hopes will achieve much the same effect.

[主體句式] Instead, he has put in place a system…

[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，兩個(gè)by組成的結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的方式狀語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜;that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾innovations; 在該定語(yǔ)從句中，if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句做句子的狀語(yǔ);最后面的that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是用來(lái)修飾a system的。

[句子譯文] 可以使用增加工資的方法來(lái)取得學(xué)生和老師之間的妥協(xié)，對(duì)于那些需要公眾付費(fèi)才能使用而一般難有銷(xiāo)路的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，就可以說(shuō)服象比爾·蓋茨那樣的慈善家買(mǎi)單，Bloomberg 已經(jīng)通過(guò)這些方法將這個(gè)基于透明、責(zé)任心和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的體系安置妥當(dāng)了，可望能夠達(dá)到同樣的效果。

題目分析：

1. Which one of the following actions may be carried out according to the “broken windows” philosophy?1. 下列哪個(gè)行動(dòng)是根據(jù)“破窗戶”原理實(shí)施的?

[A] The police work hard on hopeless offenses to create a lawful culture.[A] 警察努力工作解決那些看起來(lái)沒(méi)有希望破獲的犯罪案例，以創(chuàng)造一個(gè)法治的文化。

[B] The police make the punishment harsher for all kinds of crime.[B] 警察對(duì)所有形式的犯罪采取更為嚴(yán)厲的懲戒辦法。

[C] People are encouraged to give an immediate report about the crime nearby.[C] 鼓勵(lì)人們看到周?chē)姆缸镄袨楹篑R上報(bào)告。

[D] Burglars are given a severe punishment.[D] 給夜盜以嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。

[答案]D

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推力題。本題的關(guān)鍵在于理解“破窗戶”原理的含義，文章第一段提到，該原理就是嚴(yán)厲打擊小的犯罪，從而營(yíng)造一種遵紀(jì)守法的文化。那么，這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有D選項(xiàng)是嚴(yán)厲打擊小犯罪活動(dòng)的，因此是正確答案。A選項(xiàng)具有較強(qiáng)的干擾性，所謂“hopeless offenses”并不僅僅指小犯罪活動(dòng)，因此該選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤也是由于同樣的原因，因?yàn)樗槍?duì)的不是所有形式的犯罪。C選項(xiàng)則與題干的意思無(wú)關(guān)。

2. The poor performance of America’s government-funded public schools in big cities are most probably due to_____2. 美國(guó)政府資助的在大城市公立學(xué)校成績(jī)不佳的原因最有可能是_____

[A] a rampant growth of the urban crime.[A] 城市犯罪猖獗。

[B] low rate of graduation and student literacy.[B] 學(xué)生畢業(yè)率低、識(shí)字率低。

[C] the poor management of the schools in terms of teaching method and teacher qualification.[C] 由于教學(xué)方法差和教師素質(zhì)低而導(dǎo)致的學(xué)校管理較差。

[D] certain reasons which are not mentioned in the passage.[D] 文章沒(méi)有提到的某些原因。

[答案]D

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

[分析] 細(xì)節(jié)題。縱觀全文，其實(shí)文章中對(duì)于公立學(xué)校為什么成績(jī)差的原因并沒(méi)有說(shuō)明，而是著重講述改革的方法。因此，答案為D選項(xiàng)，而其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均是混淆視聽(tīng)的干擾選項(xiàng)。

3. Which one of the following is TURE of Mr Bloomberg’s reform on publcih schools?3. 關(guān)于Bloomberg對(duì)于公立學(xué)校的改革，下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?

[A] He was encouraged to establish a transparent and accountable system without controversial ideas.[A] 他鼓勵(lì)建立一個(gè)透明和負(fù)責(zé)的沒(méi)有爭(zhēng)端的系統(tǒng)。

[B] He was intentionally copying Mr Giuliani’s models in most aspects.[B] 在很多方面他有意模仿Giuliani先生的模式。

[C] He was moderate in taking measures to change the schools system.[C] 他在采取改革措施比較溫和。

[D] He adopted measures that were difficult for people to understand.[D] 他采取了一些人們難以理解的措施。

[答案]C

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

[分析] 細(xì)節(jié)題。選項(xiàng)A，第五段末尾提到“他已經(jīng)通過(guò)這些方法將基于透明、責(zé)任心和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的一個(gè)體系安置妥當(dāng)”，然而該段開(kāi)頭也提到了“Bloomberg先生用自己的行動(dòng)證明了即使不采取這些有爭(zhēng)議的方法”，這說(shuō)明其實(shí)他的方法是存在爭(zhēng)議的，由此可見(jiàn)該陳述錯(cuò)誤;選項(xiàng)B，文章最后一段雖然提到他們兩個(gè)改革有相似之處，但也僅限于兩點(diǎn)，而且也不一定是Bloomberg先生故意模仿;選C，第四段提到，Bloomberg先生改革的勇氣比不上Giuliani先生打擊犯罪改革的勇氣，可見(jiàn)他風(fēng)格并不激進(jìn)和大膽，后面又提到他避免有爭(zhēng)議的做法，而選擇了更為穩(wěn)妥的方案。因此，可以看出他比較穩(wěn)健，該陳述正確;選D, 這點(diǎn)文章沒(méi)有提及。因此，C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

4. The phrase “red rag” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means______4. “red rag” (第五段第三行)最有可能的意思為_(kāi)____

[A] the bottom line.[A] 底線。

[B] controversial ideas.[B] 有爭(zhēng)議的主意。

[C] irritative factors.[C] 引人發(fā)怒的因素。

[D] sensitive topics.[D] 敏感的話題。

[答案]C

[難度系數(shù)] ☆

[分析] 推力題。第五段提到，Bloomberg先生沒(méi)有采取“活動(dòng)付酬”和“書(shū)面許書(shū)”;有上一段可以看出，“書(shū)面許書(shū)”會(huì)讓家長(zhǎng)選擇公立學(xué)校之外的教育資源，這樣公立學(xué)校老師就面對(duì)巨大的壓力，那么教師肯定對(duì)此采取一種反抗態(tài)度，因此，選項(xiàng)中C最為符合這個(gè)意思。

5. Mr. Bloomberg’s scheme is compared to a blackboard with no chalk because_____5. Bloomberg的方案被比作沒(méi)有粉筆的黑板，這是因?yàn)開(kāi)____

[A] his scheme is only empty talk.[A] 他的方案只是空談。

[B] his scheme has not been implemented.[B] 他的方案還沒(méi)被實(shí)施。

[C] his scheme sounds too good to be true.[C] 他的方案太好了，以至于聽(tīng)起來(lái)不像是真的。

[D] his scheme awaits to be rectified.[D]他的方案等待被核準(zhǔn)。

[答案]B

[難度系數(shù)] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理題。文章最后一段提到這些能否實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵在于Bloomberg先生行動(dòng)是否和諾言一致，目前看來(lái)是好的，因?yàn)橹皇怯?jì)劃，還未落實(shí)，好比沒(méi)有寫(xiě)字的黑板一樣，一切都有待書(shū)寫(xiě)。因此，選項(xiàng)中B最為符合該題意。

參考譯文：

20世紀(jì)90年代，紐約市成功降低了犯罪率，成為美國(guó)和世界的榜樣。新型的治安方法以“破窗戶”原理指導(dǎo)，嚴(yán)厲打擊小規(guī)模犯罪行為，鼓勵(lì)遵紀(jì)守法的文化，這說(shuō)明看起來(lái)沒(méi)有希望的情形仍可以被扭轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)來(lái)。這一事件使得紐約市市長(zhǎng)Rudy Giuliani一舉成名，現(xiàn)在他是總統(tǒng)候選人。

許多人們對(duì)于美國(guó)政府資助的公立學(xué)校都感到失望，特別是大城市中難以管理的地方，那里的畢業(yè)率驚人的低，許多學(xué)生連最低的讀寫(xiě)和算術(shù)水平都達(dá)不到。和城市犯罪一樣，城市學(xué)校問(wèn)題也困擾著世界上的許多。正當(dāng)紐約提出打擊犯罪新主張的時(shí)候，在新任市長(zhǎng)Michael Bloomberg的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，紐約正崛起成為學(xué)校改革的模范。

11月5日，Bllomberg宣布城市學(xué)校中使用一種新的“聲譽(yù)卡”，促使學(xué)校為自己的表現(xiàn)負(fù)責(zé)。學(xué)?？梢垣@得更多的經(jīng)費(fèi)，甚至學(xué)生也會(huì)有獎(jiǎng)金。而那些表現(xiàn)不佳的學(xué)校就不能再放任自流了，除非其成績(jī)可以提高起來(lái)，否則就解散學(xué)生。如果還不能奏效，那么就得關(guān)門(mén)。Bloomberg先生于2002年擔(dān)任市長(zhǎng)后，他通過(guò)努力并贏得了對(duì)學(xué)校系統(tǒng)的直接監(jiān)控權(quán)，自此開(kāi)始了一系列改革，而這次算是達(dá)到了頂點(diǎn)。在“聲譽(yù)卡”實(shí)施之前，學(xué)校就有顯著的進(jìn)步跡象，比如考試分?jǐn)?shù)有所提高，畢業(yè)率也上升了。

Bloomberg先生在學(xué)校改革方面的勇氣還比不上Giuliani先生在打擊犯罪改革方面的勇氣。他說(shuō)對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)很有信心，但這位前媒體大亨卻避開(kāi)最激進(jìn)的選擇，即發(fā)出教育權(quán)以允許家長(zhǎng)在公立學(xué)校系統(tǒng)之外給孩子們選擇教育資源。另一方面，即使是像本報(bào)這樣的擇校支持者也得承認(rèn)很難出售這種教育券。而B(niǎo)loomberg也沒(méi)有大力引進(jìn)洛杉磯現(xiàn)有的大量獨(dú)立特許學(xué)校。

對(duì)于這些，Bloomberg先生用自己的行動(dòng)證明了即使不采取這些有爭(zhēng)議的方法，一個(gè)對(duì)學(xué)校擁有控制權(quán)的市長(zhǎng)可以做些什么。他沒(méi)有使用那些有煽動(dòng)性的政治詞語(yǔ)，如“活動(dòng)付酬”和“書(shū)面證書(shū)”，這些都會(huì)激怒教師協(xié)會(huì)。可以使用增加工資的方法來(lái)取得學(xué)生和老師之間的妥協(xié)，對(duì)于那些需要公眾付費(fèi)才能使用而一般難有銷(xiāo)路的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，就可以說(shuō)服象比爾·蓋茨那樣的慈善家買(mǎi)單，Bloomberg 已經(jīng)通過(guò)這些方法將這個(gè)基于透明、責(zé)任心和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的體系安置妥當(dāng)了，可望能夠達(dá)到同樣的效果。

那么這能實(shí)現(xiàn)嗎?主要還得取決于Bloomberg先生的行動(dòng)能否一直兌現(xiàn)他堅(jiān)決的諾言。除非糟糕的學(xué)校真的關(guān)了門(mén)，否則他的計(jì)劃就像是沒(méi)有粉筆字的黑板一樣，看起來(lái)永遠(yuǎn)都那么好。但是這里也有與Giuliani先生打擊犯罪改革相似的地方。紐約警察總局的大型ComStat數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)曾在犯罪類型方面提供了有價(jià)值的見(jiàn)解，而由IBM設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)為學(xué)生、家長(zhǎng)、老師和學(xué)校管理者服務(wù)的全新學(xué)校信息系統(tǒng)也已經(jīng)開(kāi)始運(yùn)行了。而讓地區(qū)警察隊(duì)長(zhǎng)親自負(fù)責(zé)降低犯罪率的理念同樣也運(yùn)用到了學(xué)校評(píng)分和開(kāi)除表現(xiàn)不好的學(xué)生上。