考博英語詞匯語法專項練習(xí)：非謂語動詞

考博英語詞匯語法專項練習(xí)：非謂語動詞

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動詞不定式

1. 常用形式：

一般主動式to do

一般被動式to be done

完成主動式to have done

完成被動式to have been done

進(jìn)行式to be doing

2.語法功能：

可作主、表、賓、賓補(bǔ)、定和狀(即除謂語之外的各種成分)。

1)主語：To master a foreign language is very important.

2)表語：My job is to drive them to the company every day.

3)賓語：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?

Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

4)賓補(bǔ)：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.

I didn’t notice them come in.

注：see, watch, notice, hear ,have, make, let等動詞后作賓補(bǔ)的動詞不定式不帶to, 但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)以后(即不定式作主補(bǔ)時)要帶to, 其中l(wèi)et sb. do sth. 變?yōu)楸粍邮綖閟b. is let do sth.

help(幫助)后作賓補(bǔ)的動詞不定式可帶to，也可不帶to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.

5)定語：不定式位于所修飾的名詞，代詞之后(當(dāng)一個詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的較高級修飾時，該名詞只能選不定式作后置定語)如：

Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday?

He is the man to depend on/to believe in.

6)狀語：

A.目的狀語：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her Chinese.

注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。

B.原因狀語： I’m glad to see you .

注：這種“be+形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，其不定式有時也可視為賓語，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.

C.結(jié)果狀語：They lived to see t he liberation of their home town.

他們一直活到見到家鄉(xiāng)解放。

在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)中表“太…結(jié)果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.

注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此時不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他們很幸運(yùn)去國外訪問。

另外，too后如果是happy, glad之類形容詞時，不定式也表肯定意，

如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.

Can’t...too... “再...也不為過”“越...越好”

You can't be too careful when crossing the road.

在“形容詞/副詞+enough+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中表“足以能…”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .

only to do

3.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式(for sb. to do sth.)

可作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。for 本身無意義，sb.可稱之為不定式的邏輯主語。例如：I think it is necessary for him to go there at once.(復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式作賓語)

注：當(dāng)作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì),性格或特征時，不用for, 而用of,

如：It is kind of you to help me .(相當(dāng)于You are kind to help me .)這類形容詞有g(shù)ood,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite(不禮貌)等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：It’s right/wrong for/of him to do the work alone.

4.疑問詞+不定式：

可作主語、表語或賓語。

如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.(主語)

We don’t know when and where to go .(賓語)

5.動詞不定式的否定式(not to do sth.)

語法功能同不定式肯定式。

6.不定式的時態(tài)形式所表示的時間關(guān)系：

1)一般式：表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動作之后，或沒有時間限制。例如：

They often watch us play table tennis.(與謂語動作同時)

She hopes to go there again.(在謂語動作之后)

It is necessary and important to read English every day.(無時間限制)

The factory to make radios is over there.(無時間限制)

2)完成式：表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.

3)進(jìn)行式：表示正在發(fā)生的動作/與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。例如：

She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.

7.不定式的被動式：

名詞、代詞為不定式的邏輯賓語時，一般用不定式被動式，

What is to be done is unknown /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.

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